Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/677

* TWO SICILIES. 585 TYBURN. pion of the Giiolpli Party :iiul extended liis in- (hience throngliout Italy. He was succeeded by his {jranddanghtev Joanna I. (([.v.), and an anareliic period lM';;an and continued for many years, the lieirs of the eUler Xeajiolitan line, whieh had also acquired the throne of Hungary, contending with new aspirants from. jou. Hi 1399 the Neapolitan line triumphed in the person of tile crafty and unprincipled Ladislas (q.v.). He died in 1414, leaving the kingdom to his sister, Joanna II. (q.v.). She was given up to sensuality, and the disorder was renewed. After her death in 1435 Alfonso V., King of Aragon and Sicily, undertook the conquest of Naples, of which he secured possession in 1442, reigning un- til his death in 1458. He left Aragon and Sicily to his eldest son, John, and Naples to his illegiti- mate son, Ferdinand, under wdiose rapacious and cruel rule new troubles arose. In 1495 Charles 'III. of France invaded Naples, and although he was compelled to withdraw in the same .year, his successor, Louis XII., jointly with Ferdinand of Spain, conquered the country in 1501. Two years afterwards the Spaniards under Gonsalvo de Cor- dova (q.v.) drove out the French and made Naples a Spanish province. The country was now subjected to the oppres- sive tyranny of Spanish viceroys. A formidable lebellion at Naples broke out in 1047 under Ma- saniello (q.v.). In 1707 the Neapolitan domin- ions were wrested from Spain by Austria during the War of the Spanish Succession. (See Suc- cession Wars.) Naples was confirmed to Aus- tria by the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) and Sicily was given to Savoy. In 1720 Sicily was trans- ferred by Savoy to Austria in exchange for Sar- dinia. In 1734 Don Carlos, second son of Philip V. of Spain, of the House of Bourbon, and Elizabeth Farnese invaded the Two Sicilies, and in 1735 he was crowned and was recognized by the Treaty of Vienna as King Charles III. (See CuABI.ES III.. King of Spain.) After the Peace of Aix-la- Chapelle (1748) Italy enjoyed nearly a half cen- tury of peace, and these years witnessed in the Two Sicilies progress along many lines, but the upheaval of the French Revolution brought new troubles upon the country. The coalition against the French l!epid)lic was joined by Ferdinand, the second Bourbon King of the Two Sicilies. (See Ferdinand I.) In December, 1798, the Neapolitans attempted to drive the French out of the Papal States. They were thrown back, Naples was taken (January, 1799), and the Parthenopean Republic was created. In the same year Ferdinand was reinstated with the assistance of the English fleet. In 1806 Na- poleon conquered the Kingdom of Naples and placed his brother Joseph Bona])arte on the throne. Ferdinand continuing to reign in Sicily. In 1808 Joseph was succeeded by Joachim Murat (q.v.). After the fall of JIurat in 1815 Ferdinand was restored in Naples. At the close of 1816 Ferdinand united the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily into the single kingdom of the Two Sicilies and changed his title from Ferdinand IV. to Ferdinand I. In 1820 there was a military rising in the Neapolitan dominions, joined by the Carbonari (q.v.), under the leadership of General Pepe, to secure a constitutional government. The King yielded to the demand, notwithstanding his agreement with Austria to make no constitu- tional concessions. .t the same time a revolu- tionary movenu-nt aiming at autonomy for the island took place in Sicily. The congress of the Great Powers at Laibach ( 1821 ) charged Austria with the restoration of Ferdinand's absolute power. The patriots made an inef- fcctuil resistance and Ferdinand resumed his tyrannical sway under Hie jiroteetion of .Aus- trian bayonets. Ferdinand died in 1825 and was succeeded by his son, Francis I. (q.v.), who in 1830 was succeeded by his son Ferdinand II. (q.v.). The change of rulers brought about no change in the despotic policy of the Govern- ment. After 1843 the repul)lican propaganda of Jlazzini took a strong hold in Southern Italy. At the beginning of 1848 Sicily rose in insurrec- tion to secure an autonomous and constitutional government. Ferdinand II. saw himself forced to grant a representative constitution to his subjects. This did not satisfy the Sicilians. The deposition of King Ferdinand was declared, a provisional Government was organized, and the Duke of CJenoa, son of the King of Sardinia, was elected King of the Sicilians (June, 1848), a dignity which he declined. In his Neapolitan dominions Ferdinand, with the aid of the reactionary elements, was enabled success- fully to combat the revolutionary move- ment which was now sweeping through Italy. In September. 1848, his forces entered upon a cam- paign against the Sicilians. In May, 1849, Palermo capitulated and the revolution in the island came to an end. Ferdinand, once more the despot that he had been, wreaked a fearful vengeance upon the champions of liberty in his dominions. His atrocities were finally checked by the intervention of England. In 1859 Ferdi- nand II. was succeeded by his son, Francis II. The emancipation of Northern Italy (except Venetia) from the rule of Austria and the tyrants upheld by her (1859-60) was speedily followed by the liberation of the Two Sicilies from the Bourbons, accomplished through the ef- forts of Ciaribaldi, and by their incorporation in the new Kingdom of Italy ( 1860-61). See Gari- baldi ; Victor Eiim. uel II. ; Italy. BiBLiOGR.PiiY. Freeman, The History of f^icili/ from the Earliest Times (Oxford, 1891); id.. The fltori/ of f^ieili/ (New York, 1892): Von Schack, (leseliiehte der Xornutnnen in Sicilien (Stuttgart, 1889) ; Amari. Storia dri Musiilmani di Sicilia (Florence. 1854-72) ; Col- letta, Storia del renme di Xapoli dal lISJi al 1823 (Capolago, 1854) ; Genielli, Sforin d.ella rirolu- ziotw siciliana IS-f/S-IiO (Bologna, 1808). TYA'NA, Apollonius of. See Apollonivs OF TVANA. TYBEE, tl-be'. An island at the mouth of the Savannah River, Georgia. It is historically noted as the site of the batteries erected by Gen- eral Gillmore in 1861 for the reduction of Fort Pulaski, which capitulated April 11. 1802. At the north end of the island stands a lighthouse of the first order, 134 feet high, lighting the Ty- bee Roads, from which a channel protected by jetties leads up to Savannah. TY'BXJBN. The chief place of execution in London |uior to 1783. and frequentl.v mentioned in English history and literature. It was situ- ated near the northeast corner of Hyde Park,