Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/676

* TWISS. 584 TWO SICILIES. Queen's counsel. In 1807 lie was appointed Queen's Advooate-dcneral and was kniglitfil. Owing to a scandalous libel of which he and his wife were the victims, in 1872 he retired to private life and devoted himself to juridical science and literature. In 1884 he drafted for the King of Belgium a constitution for the Congo Free State, and in 1884-85 was coun- sel extraordinary to the British embassy during the Berlin e'onference. His chief works are : View of the Progress of Political Economy in Europe Since the Sixteenth Century (London, 1847); The Oregon Territory: Its History and Discovery (New York, 1846) ; but his fame rests principally on his treatise. The Law of Nations ( 1861-03), which, in the French edition, Le droit des gens ou des nations (Paris, 1887-89), is a standard work. TWITCH'EE, Jemmy. A highwajanan in C4ay's Beggar's Opera, noted for treachery. This name became the popular nickname for Lord Sandwich, who turned against his former com- panion, John Wilkes. TWITTER. A peculiar deformation of car- nation plants, produced possibly by several kinds of insects: a plant-louse or green fly of the genus Siphonophora, a true thrips, and possibly the larva of some anthomyiid fly. The chances are that carnation twitter can be produced by any cause which checks the growth of the plant; hence any one of several insects may he in- volved. TWO GENTLEMEN OF VERO'NA, The. A comedy by Sliakespeare, probably produced in the original form in 1591, and in the present form in 1595; first printed in the folio of 162.3. It may have been adajited from the lost play Felix and Philomena, acted in 1584, though the same story is told of the shepherdess Filismena in Monteniayor's Spanish romance Diana, trans- lated by B. Young and known in manuscript in 1583, and is also found in Rich's version of Bandello's Apollotiius and Silla. TWO NOBLE KINSMEN. A play produced in 1625 and published in 1634 as the work of Fletcher and Shakespeare. The hitter's part, if any, was unimportant, and it was probably writ- ten by Massinger and Fletcher with Rowley. The story is that of Chaucer's Knight's Tale, taken from Boccaccio's Tcsckle. TWO-SEED-IN-THE-SPIBIT BAPTISTS. See Baptlsts. TWO SICILIES, Kingdom of the. The name commonly given to a former kingdom em- bracing Sicily and Southern Italy, and known often as the kingdom of Naples. In the Middle Ages the southern part of the Italian mainland came to be known as 'Sicily on this side of the Faro' (the Strait of Messina). From the earliest times both the island and the mainland were subject to settlement and conquest by peoples of widely diiTerent stock, producing a complicated admixture of races. At the dawn of history the Phoenicians had trading settlements there. In the eighth century R.c. numerous Greek colonies were founded in both Sicily and Southern Italy and became powerful and wealthy States. A new Phoenician element was introdiiced when Car- thage disputed the supremacy of Sicily with the (hceks. The Roman conquest followed. In the middle of the fifth century, at the time of the fall of the Roman Empire, Sicily was ravaged by the Vandals. Towartl the close of the century the Ostrogoths made themselves masters of Italy and Sicily. In the sixth century their realm was con- quered by the Byzantines. Soon after the Lom- bards established their sway over part of South- ern Italy. The Lombard Duchy of Benevento was founded, out of which in the ninth century arose the three principalities of Benevento. Salerno, and Cajnia. By the side of these was the Duchy of Naples, a Byzantine creation. Apulia and Cala- bria were held by the Byzantines until the eleventh century. In the years from 827 to 878 the island of Sicily was conquered by the Sara- cens. Owing to dissensions among the Chris- tians of Southern Italy, the Saracens likewise obtained a foothold on the mainland. About 1037 the sons of a Norman knight, Tan- cred de Hauteville, setting out with a few fol- lowers to win their fortunes, entered Southern Italy in the service of the Byzantine (iovernor, but soon seized and divided Apulia and were able to hold the country against every effort of the Greeks to dislodge them. Robert Guiscard, one of these brothers, became Count of Apulia in 1057, and in 1059 he was recognized by Pope Nicholas II. as Duke of Apulia and Calabria. In 1061 his younger brother, Roger, with a few hundred Norman knights, began the conquest of the island of Sicily, which was made a county and a tief of Robert's duchy, though the total subjugation of the island was not accomplished till' 1090, after Robert's death. In 1127 Roger II., son of the first Roger, united Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily, and in 1130 he assumed the title of King of Sicily. He extended his sway over the Abruzzi, made himself master of Capua, and received the submission of Naples. The marriage of Frederick Barbarossa's son, the later Emperor Henry VI., to Constance, heiress of the Two Sicilies, in 1186, united the destinies of the Nor- man kingdom with those of the House of Hohen- staufen, whose rule began in 1194. The child of this marriage, the Emperor Frederick II. (q.v.), was the most remarkable prince in the Europe of his day. He reorganized the govern- ment of the Sicilian kingdom on essentially mod- ern lines, founded the L^niversity of Naples, and made liis Court the brilliant centre of the high- est culture and learning of his time. His death in 1250 was followed by the speedy downfall of the House of Hohenstaufen. In 1266 Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. of France, at the in- stance of the Pope, undertook the conquest of the Two Sicilies. He vanquished Manfred, son of Frederick II., at Benevento, and in 1268 he de- feated, captured, and executed Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen. Charles of Anjou made Naples his residence. The year 1282 witnessed the fearful popular uprising against the French in Sicily known as the Sicilian Vespers (q.v.). The people shook off the yoke of Anjou and placed their island un- der the rule of Pedro III. of Aragon. The House of Anjou continued to rule in South Italy, which thus became the Kingdom of Naples. In 1296 Sicily was separated from Aragon, but continued under the rule of the Aragonese house, and in 1412 was reunited with that kingdom. Robert I. of Naples (1309-43) made himself the eham-