Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/669

* TUSCANY. 577 TXJSKEGEE NORMAL INSTITUTE. territories of the duchy, especially by receiving SieTia from Charles V. This gift bound him more closely to Sjiain and for nearly two luindred years Tuscany was cjenerally under the influence of Spain. In 15(1!) the Florentine dominions were erected into the Grand Dueliy of 'I'uscany. The House of Medici became extinct in the male line in 1737. By the terms of the Treaty of Vienna, which had been concluded in 173.'j. the grand duchy was given to Francis of Lorraine, the husband of Jlaria Theresa of Austria. Grand Duke Ferdinand III. was dispossessed by the French in 1700. By the Treaty of Madrid be- tween France and Spain, in ISOl, Tuscany was erected into the Kingdom of Etruria and given to the son of the Duke of Parma. In 1807 Napo- leon took possession of the country, which was united with France. Elisa Boccioclii. the sister of Napoleon, received the title of Grand Ducliess of Tuscany. In 1814 Ferdinand III. was re- instated and ruled until 1824. His successor, Leo]iold II.. did much to promote the prosperity of Tuscany. In 1847 Lucca was annexed to the grand duchy. In February, 1848, Leopold granted a liberal constitution to his subjects, but the tide of revolution carried everything before it, and early in 1843 the Grand Duke fled from his country. A counter-revolution was soon set on foot by the Moderate Liberal Party and in a few months Leopold was restored to his throne. In 1850 he entered into a convention with Austria by which Austrian troops were to occupy Tus- can}', and, thus supported, be reinstituted a regime of absolutism. In 1859, in consequence of his pro-Austrian policy, he was obliged to leave his State, which was occupied by the forces of Victor Emmanuel. On March 15, 1860. the people by a plebiscite voted the union of Tuscany with Italy. For the early history of Tuscany, consult the histories of Florence. Pisa, and Arezzo. especial- ly Perrens, Histoire de Florence (Paris, 1877- 90). For the later history, consult Pcumont, Geschichtc Toscfiiids seit dem Elide dcx florcii- tinischeii Fi'eistaates (Gotha, 187(1). For the nineteenth centur}', Scignobos, Political History of Europe Since ISl.'i, translated by Maevane (New York. 1899), gives a convenient summary and furnishes an ample bibliography. TUS'CARO'KA. An important Southern trilie of Iroquoian stock ( q.v. ) . When first known about the year 1(J70 the}' resided along the Neuse River in eastern North Carolina, where in 1700 they occupied fifteen villages with an estimated popu- lation of 1200 warriors or about 0000 souls, and held paramount influence over all the smaller tribes of that section. They were hostile to most of the leading Southern tribes, but maintained a close friendship with the Northern Iroquois (q.v.). whom they knew as traditional kinsmen. In consequence of encroachments upon their lands, they rose against the whites in September, 1711. A war of two years ensued, in which both Carolina provinces joined forces, together with a great body of Inilian allies, against them. Finally defeated, the Tuscarora abandoned their country and fled north to the Iroquois, who re- ceived them as the sixth tribe of their confeder- acy, henceforth known as the 'Six Nations.' A part of the tribe which had remained friendly during the struggle was settled upon a small reservation on the Lower Hoanoke Uiver in North Carolina. Here they lingered for a time, until, weary of the attacks of hostile tribes and the constant encroacbments of the wliites, they also gradually withdrew to the north. Like the other tribes of the Iroquois confederacy, they were divided in the Revolutionary War, a part joining the Englisli, while the rest adliered to the .merican side, with the result that they are now aliout equally divided I)etween New York and Canada. Those in the United States number about 370 on a small reservation near Niagara Falls, and are civilized and fairly prosperous farmers, near- ly all Christianized, although retaining their own language and chief system, .bout as many more are with the other Iroquois on Grand River Reser- vation, Ontario. TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS (Lat. Tus- cuhiiur Dispiildl ioiirs) . A pliilosophical work in five books by Cicero (B.C. 44), dedicated to M. Brutus. The conversations are supposed to be held at Cicero's estate at Tusculum. Each book discusses a different question of philosophy and treats of the troubles attending human happi- ness and their cure. TUS'CULUM. An ancient city of Latium, about fifteen miles soutli of Rome, situated on a ridge of hills known as the Colics Tuscitlani, and forming part of the Alban range. Mythically, it derived its origin from Tclegonus and Circe; but we catch the first certain glimpse of its his- torical existence toward the close of the regal period at Rome, when it had attained a high de- gree of prosperity and power. Octavius Mamilius, ruler of Tusculum, and the foremost prince in Latium, married a daughter of Tarquin the Proud (see Tarquiniu.s), and played a conspicu- ous part in the last of the great struggles made by the banished tyrant to regain his kingdom. As early as B.C. 378 the inhabitants of Tusculum received the Roman franchise. Toward the close of the Republic Tusculum became a famous coun- try residence of the wealthy Romans. Long after the Western Empire had fallen Tusculum con- tinued to flourish. As late as the twelfth cen- tury the ancient city continued entire; but in 1191 it was stormed by the Romans and razed to the ground. Many fine remains of ancient Tuscu- lum have been dug up in recent times, the most remarkable, perhaps, being the amphitheatre, theatre, and city walls. TUSKEGEE (tus-ke'go) NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTI'TUTE. An institution for the training of young colored men and women at Tuskegee. Ala., established in 1881 by an act of the Legislature under the name of the Tuske- gee State Normal School, with an appropriation of $2000. It was opened .July 4, 1881. "In 1883 the appropriation was increased to $3000 and in 1893 the institution was incorporated under its present name. In 1903 the attendance had grown to 1497, while nearly the same number of appli- cants were refused for lack of accommodations. At the same time 112 instructors were engaged in the various, departments. The library con- tained 13,000 volumes. The endowment wag $1,010,000, including a gift of $000,000 from Mr. Andrew Carnegie, and the total value of the school property, including 62 buildings, land and plant worth $025,000, was $1,035,000. The