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* TUBTLE. 576 TUSCANY. ties. Several of the existing families, including the marine Clielonida? and the 'leather-turtles,' are already differentiated in the Cretaceous, and in the Lower Eocene the highly specialized land-tortoises appear. Of the Cretaceous sea- turtles some attained enormous size: Protosphar- gis from Italy had a sliell nine feet long, and in the North American Archelon the skull alone measures three feet. The suborder Pleuroilira is widely distributed as fossils in various Meso- zoic systems. Miolania, from the Pleistocene of Queensland, was a huge creature in whidi the head was armed with bony 'horns.' The third suborder, Trionychia, is known from the North American Cretaceous and the Tertiary of both hemispheres. The group shows scarcely any change from its first appearance to the present. BiBLioGEAPiiY. Consult standard works and au- thorities cited under Reptile and Tortoise; Boulenger. Calalogue of Chdonians in British Museum (London, 1S89) ; Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1901); L. Agassiz, Contribii^ tions to the Xatural Bistort/ of the United States (Boston, 1857). Most of the literature on fossil Chelonia consists of special papers in scientific periodicals. The most important ones are by G. Baur and E. Fraas in Germany, Boulenger and Gadow in England, and 0. P. Hay in America. TURTLE-DOVE. See DovE; Pigeon. TUR'TON. A cotton-manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, -ll-- miles northeast of Bol- ton (Map: England, D 3). Population, in 1901, 12,353. TURVEYDROP,. Mr. A dancing-master in Dickens's Ulcak House, said to have been modeled on George IV. He poses as a 'model of deport- ment' and is supported by his devoted son. TUS'CALOO'SA. The county-seat of Tusca- loosa County, Ala.. 56 miles southwest of Bir- mingham, on the Black Warrior River, and on the Alabama Great Southern and the Mobile and Ohio railroads (Map: Alabama, B 2). The University of Alabama, opened in 1831, is a mile north of the cit.v. Other educational in- stitutions are the Tuscaloosa Female College (Methodist Episcopal South), opened in 1860; the Alabama Central Female College; the Verner Military Institute; and Stillman Institute (Presbyterian), a colored theological school, opened in 1870. The State Insane Hospital, the old State Capitol building, and the l)ridges span- ning the Black Warrior also are noteworthy features. The commercial importance of the cit.v has been increased by extensive iiii])rovenients on the river, adding considerably to the distance open to navigation. Coal is extensively mined in the vicinit.v, and at Holton, a suburb, there are large iron furnaces, coke ovens, and a. by- product plant. Tuscaloosa is the centre of large cotton interests, and its principal industrial es- tablishments are connected with cotton. Under the revised charter of 1878-70, the government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a com- mon council. Tuscaloosa was settled about 1812, and was first incorpor.ated some four years later. It was the capital of the State from 1826 to 1846. Popuhition, in 1890, 4215; in 1900, 5094, TUS'CANY ( It. Toscana ). Formerly a sover- eign grand duchy, now a district (coniparti- mento) on the west coast of Italy (Map: Italy, F 4). It comprises the maritime provinces Grosseto, Livorno (Leghorn), Lucca, and Pisa, the inland provinces Arezzo, Florence, and Siena, and the Province of Massa e Carrara, ex- tending from the sea northward between Liguria and tlic Apennines. The greater part of Tusc!iny is mountainous, the Apuan Alps reaching 6385 feet and Mount Amiata 5655 feet. The principal rivers are the Arno, Cecina. Ombrone, and Ser- chio, all flowing into the Mediterranean. Except in the Maremma, a large marshy region on the southern coast, the climate is mild and health- ful. The leading mineral deposits include iron, mereurv. borax, copper, and salt; there are many mineral and thermal springs. Among the im- portant agricultural products are wheat, maize, the vine, the olive, and toliacco. For population, see section on that topic under Italy. Tuscany corresponds nearly to ancient Etruria (q.v. ). The Etrurians or Tuscans were the earliest inhabitants known to history. They were conquered by the Romans, by whom in later times the land was called Tuseia. During the period of barbarian migrations Tuseia was possessed in turn by the Ostrogoths, the em- perors of Constantinople, and the Lombards. The last were conquered by Charles the Great and a Prankish margrave or duke was established with Lucca as his residence. Tuseia formed a part of the Kingdom of Italy, or of the Lombards. In 1030 Boniface II. of the House of Canossa became Duke of Tuscanv. He was also Count of Modena, Reggio, Mantua, and Ferrara. His granddaughter, the Countess Matilda (q.v.), known as 'the Great Countess,' was an ardent friend of Pope Gregory VII., and one of the most powerful svipporters of the Papal party during the Investiture struggle. At her death, in 1115, she bequeathed all of her wide dominions to the Papacy; but the German emperors claimed the duehy as an Imperial fief, and for more than a century 'the property of Matilda' was the cause of constant strife between the popes and the emperors. During this period the principal cities became independent and prosperous. Pisa had risen to independence and power long before this, and was now a great maritime republic. At the close of the thirteenth century she succumbed to the power of her rival Genoa. For several cen- turies the history of Flnrence is to a great extent the history of Tuscany. At the close of the twelfth century she was at the head of the Tuscan league of cities formed to resist the Hohenstaufen. This brought her into close al- liance with the Papacy, and usually Florence remained a firm adherent of the Guelph Party. In the fourteenth century Dante, C4iotto, Pe- trarch, and Boccaccio made Tuscany preeminent in the revival of letters and arts. The Tuscan dialect became the literary language of Italy. In 1406 Pisa submitted to Florence and soon after she became mistress of Leghorn. Internal dis- sensions in Florence led to the establishment of the predominance of the Medici (q.v.). Cosirao de' Medici got control of affairs in 1434 and made the supreme power in Florence the heredi- tary possession of his house. In 1532. through the instrumentality of the Emperor Charles V., Alessandro de' Medici was rnade Duke of Flor- ence. He was assassinated in 1537 and Cosimo the Great became Duke. The latter added to the