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* TURNER. 571 TURNIP. wild beasts. Turner kept himself concealed for six weeks. When his hiding-place was discovered he fled, but was captured near Cross Keys Oc- tober 30th, was tried and convicted at .Jerusalem, and on November 11th was there hanged. In all only 17 negroes were executed, as it was proved that some in the party were there under com- pulsion. Fifty-seven whites were slaughtered and more would have been killed but for the faithfulness of slaves, who in several instances defended their masters. The results of the mas- sacre were immediate. More stringent slave codes were passed in many States, free negroes were deprived of their privileges, and the Manu- mission movement, which had considerable strength previously, was effectually checked. Consult: Weeks, "The Slave Insurrection in Vir- ginia," in Magazine of American Uistory (Xew York, June, 1891); Drewry. The Southampton- InsiiiTection (Washington, 1900). TURNER, S.IUEL HULBEART (1790-1861). A Protestant Episcopal theologian. He was born in Philadelphia, and graduated at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in 1807. He was rector of churches in Chestertown, Md., New York, and Brooklyn, and became in 1818 professor of his- toric theology in the New York General Theo- logical Seminary, and in 1821 professor of bibli- cal learning and Scripture interpretation. He was also professor of Hebrew in Columbia Col- lege after 1830. Among his works are com- mentaries on Romans (1824 to 1853), Hebrews (1852), Ephesians (1856), and Galatians (1856) ; Bibliographical Xotices to the Most Dis- tinguished Jcu:ish Rahhis (1847); Companion to the Book of Genesis (1841) ; Parallel References of the Xew Testament (1848); Thoughts on Scriptural Prophecy (18.52). Consult his autobi- ography (New York, 1863). TURNER, Sh.ron (1768-1847). An English historian. He was born at Pentonville, and at the age of fifteen was articled to an attorney, to whose practice he succeeded six years afterwards. He was a successful practitioner until 1829, when he retired. From an early time his en- tire leisure had been devoted to a study of the Anglo-Saxon period of English history from the hitherto almost unused Anglo-Saxon manuscripts in the British Museum. These studies culminated in his famous History of the Anglo-Saxotts (Lon- don, 1797-1805; 7th ed. 1852). He continued his narrative in subsequent years under various titles to the end of Elizabeth's reign, but with less happy results. These historical works were final- ly published in a collective edition under the title History of England from the Earliest Period to the Death of Elizabeth (London, 1839). He also wrote Sacred History of the ^'orld as Displayed in Creation and Subsequent Events to the Deluge (ib.. 1832; 8th ed. 1848), and other works. TURNER, Sir Wiliiam (1832—). An Eng- lish anatomist and naturalist, born in Lancaster and educated at Saint Bartholomew's Hospital. In 1854 he became a demonstrator of anatomy, and in 1867 professor of anatomy in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh. Besides these offices, he held various other teaching positions, and for many years represented the University of Edinburgh in the General Council of Medical Education. From 1866 to 1894 he was one of the editors of the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. In 1886 he Vol. XIX.— 37 was made a knight. Among liis longer works are An Introduction to Human Anatomy (1875); Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy of the Placenta (1876); and an Atlas of Human An- atomy and Physiology. TURNER, ViLLiA.i Wadden (1810-59). An American philologist, born iu London. In 1818 he emigrated to New York, and became a print- er's apprentice. He was librarian of the Uni- versity of New York, instructor in Hebrew in the Union Theological Seminary, and from 1852 librarian of the United States Patent Olfice. Be- sides contributions to learned societies and periodicals, he published with Isaac Nordhcimer A Critical Grammar of the Hebrew Language (1851), and Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Language (1858); and translated the greater part of Freund's Latin-German Lexicon. TURNER'S FALLS. A village in the town of Montague (q.v.), Mass. TURNHOUT, turnout'. A town in the Prov- ince of Antwerp, Belgium, 25 miles east by north of the city of Antwerp (Map: Belgium, C 3). It has an old castle, now utilized as a court of justice and a prison, and the Church of Ouel-Turn- hout with noteworthy paintings. Turnhout manufactures lace, cloth, leather, and playing cards. Leech-breeding is also an important in- dustry. The town was the scene of a victory of the Dutch, under Maurice of Nassau, over the Spaniards in 1597, and in 1789 the Austrians were defeated here by the Belgians under Van der Mersch. Population, in 1900," 20,945. TURNING. See ilETAL-WoRKiNG Machin- ery; Wooi)-A'oRKiNG Machinery. TURNIP (from turn -f nep. from AS. noep, turnip, from Lat. napus, sort of turnip), Brassiea campestris (rapa of some botanists) . A biennial plant of the natural order Cniciferfe. culti- vated in cool climates for its globose, oblong or roundish, swollen and fleshy roots, which are used as a vegetable and for stock-feeding. It is a native of temperate Europe and Asia, grow- ing in fields and waste places. The cultivated varieties are very numerous. Some attain a weight of 20 or 25 pounds. Garden turnips are sow-n in early spring or even as late as mid- summer; field turnips generally in midsummer, so as to avoid the possibility of developing a flow'er stem in the year they are planted, a <le- velopment which impairs the quality and im- pedes the development of the edible part. The varieties both of garden and field turnips are very numerous. The garden turnips are gen- erally of comparatively small size, rapid in growth, and of delicate flavor. The name Swedish turnip or rutabaga is given to a group of va- rieties cultivated in the same manner and used for the satne purpose as the common field and garden turnip. The cultivated turnip grows best in a rich soil. It is not well suited to clay soils, although it is often grown on them. A complete pulveriza- tion of the soil is requisite before the sowing of the seed. On light soils, a crop of turnips gen- erally succeeds wheat or oats. The seed may be sown either in drills 2-2 'i feet apart or broadcast. The J'oung plants are thinned out by hand to 8 inches or more apart, and the ground is stirred and carefully kept clean by cultivation