Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/631

* TUPPER. 549 TURBINE. translated into German, French, and Danish. It is now hard to account for this vogue, as the poem is the merest commonpUicc. Consult the autobiography. My Life a.s an Author (London, 18S6), and the reviews in contemporary period- icals, especiallv Frascr's M(i(j(i::inc (October, 185JI. TURACO, tSora'ko (African name). A bird of the African family JIusophagidte or plantain- eaters ( q.v. ). The species are numerous, of large size and brilliant plumage, and have strong, thick bills, more or less curved on the top, the cutting edges jagged or finely serrated, so as to render them very elHcient instruments for cutting soft vegetable substances, on which they feed. The colors are chietly bright green, verditer-blue, crimson, and yellow; red and green predominate. These birds have an elegant helmet-like crest, which they elevate when excited. One of the largest species is tlie giant turaco [Corylhaolu ciintata) of Western and Central Africa, which is 28 inches long. It is verditer-blue, without red. but the tail has a broad, black, subterminal bar, and the bill is red and yellow. TURANIAN. A terra formerly applied loosely to all Asiatic peoples, excepting those of Indo-Germanic or Semitic stock. In the early Iranian chronicles of the Persian era the term Turan. in contrast with Iran (the home of the Aryan Iranians), was given to the region to the northeast, including modern Turkestan, the home of non-.rvan, nomadic, uncivilized peoples. The theory once put forth according to which, in prehistoric times, Western Asia and most of Europe were peopled by Turanians, whose de- scendants could be seen in Pelasgians. Ilittites, Etruscans, Iberians, Basques. Picts, Finns, and Lapps, has now no currency among the best authorities. The term Turanian still has, how- ever, some scientific currency, although in a much modified sense. Thus De ilorgan styles the peoples of the Caucasus Turanians, and Den- iker uses the word as sj'nonymous with Turko- Tatars. In linguistics Turanian formerly had some vogue as a term proposed by Max Jliiller for all languages of Europe, Asia (excepting China), and Oceania, which are neither Indo-Germanic nor Semitic. The division of these languages into Ural-Altaic or Finno-L'grie, Dravidian, Ko- larian. Tibeto-Burman, Khasi, Tai, Mon-Anam, and ilalayo-Polynesian is now adopted. TURBAN-SHELL. An herbivorous scuti- branchiate mollusk, closely allied in habits and structure to the top- shell (q.v.). It takes its name from a resem- blance in the shell to an Oriental turban, and _,. -— -T-, when denuded of its Y^ fi-'^ l^^:^^^^'^^^^ outer coating is richly v;',.>xsS'i=-. _;^ pearly, making it one of the shells mo.st wide- ly sold a :. an ornament. In the Orient, where most of the species live, the animals are often eaten. The aperture is large and flaring, and the operculum calcareous. The typical genus. Turbo, the genus Phasianella (see Piieasant- A TYPICAL TURBAN (TurbO argyrostomu8). Shell), and the spinj- genus Delphinula, consti- tute the family Turbinida-, which may be traced back to Ordovician time, and especially nourished during the Silurian period. TURBELLARIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. tiirhii. disturl)ancc. crowd; referring to the whirlpools caused by the movements of their cilia) . The first and most highly organized of the three classes of fiatworms, composed of free-living worms. The body epithelium is densely ciliated. Tlie turbellarian worms are found in both salt and fresh water in the warmer parts of the world, and in moist places on land in the tropics. They are usually of small size, less than two inches long, but some species are four or five inches long. The body is generallj' very flat and leaf-like, but in some species, especially among the land forms, is narrow, elongated, and slightly arched. The colors are sometimes dull, but many of the marine forms are brightly colored, and are very beautiful objects. ]Most of the Turbellaria are carnivorous, and are very active, especially in swimming. The ola.ss is divisible into three orders, based chiefly on the arrangement of the intestine. TUR'BERVILLE, George (c.l540-c.l610). An English poet of an ancient Dorset family. He was born at Whitchurch, in Dorsetsliire, and was educated at Winchester, and at New Col- lege, Oxford, of which he became ,a fellow in 1.561. Leaving Oxford the next year without a degree', he studied law at one of the inns of court in London. In 1568 he accompanied Thomas Randolph, a special ambassador of the Queen, to Russia, where he wrote verses describing the manners of the people (reprinted in Hakluyt's Voyuyes. lo8'J). Of his later life nothing is known. He probably died about 1010. Turber- ville occupies a rather interesting place in Eng- lish literature, as a translator from the Latin and the Italian, and as one of the first among English poets to employ the ottava rima (q.v.) and blank verse Iq.v. ). Chief among his works are Epitiiijhs. Epiyraiiis, iSoiiys, and t:onnels ( 1507, in Chalmers's British Poets, vol. ii., Lon- don, 1810) ; The Bocke of Faulconrie, or Hawk- ing, with which is bound The Noble Art of Vene- rie, or Hunting, ascribed to Turberville (1575; enlarged 1611) ; Tragical Tales from the Italian, with original epitaphs and sonnets (1587; re- printed, Edinburgh, 1837) ; and The Heroycall Epistles of Oiidius in English ( 1567 ) . To Turber- ville have been doubtfully ascribed two versions of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (manuscript in Bodleian Library at Oxford). Selections from Turberville's poems are in Early English Poetry, edited by H. M. Fitzgibbon (London, 1887). TURBINE (Fr. turbine, from Lat. turbo, turhen. wheel, whirlwind, from turbare, to dis- turb, move, from turba, disturbance, crowd). A motor for utilizing the energy of water by caus- ing it to flow through curved buckets or chan- nels on which it exerts a reactionary pressure constituting the motive force. Turbines may be divided, as regards their construction, into radial, axial, and combined or mixed flow. In radial turbines the water in passing through the wheel flows in a direction at right angles to the axis of rotation, or approximately radially. In axial turbines, or parallel-flow turbines, the water flows through in a direction generally parallel