Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/630

* TUPI. 548 TUPPEE. spread Tupfan stock (q.v. ) takes its name, ami whose language is the basis of the lingoa gcrul or Indian trade language of the Amazon region. At the period of the first Portuguese occupation of Brazil, about 1550, they were one of the most populous and powerful tribes of the country, occupying the territory about the mouth of the Amazon and extending far southward along the coast. Being broken and driven back by the whites, they retired from the coast region into the interior, the bands taking different names, in 1640 some of them were still settled, under their own name, along the Lower Amazon from Par.'i up to the entrance of the Madeira. They cultivated corn and manioc, but lived chiefly by hunting and fishing. Their religion was a simple animism, with but little ceremonial. Those yet remaining in the same vicinity are now called, improperly, Tapuva (q.v.). They are all civil- ized, quiet, and intelligent. Physically, they are strong and compactly built, and supply the bulk of the crews for the Amazon River trade. TUPI'AN stock, or TipI-Gr.R.isi. The most widespread and important linguistic .stock of South America. When the Portuguese took possession of Brazil the Tuplan tribes held the greater portion of the territory from the Rio de la Plata (Paraguay or Parana) on the south to the Amazon on the north, and extended an unknown distance inland, in some places even to the eastern slope of the Andes. The two prin- cipal tribes were the Tupi (q.v.), about the mouth of the Amazon, and the Guarani (q.v.), on the Lower Paraguay. Of the numerous other cognate tribes, the most important were the Chir- iguano, Guarayo, Mundurucu (q.v.), Mura (q.v.), and Omagua (q.v.). Many of the eastern tribes were gathered into missions by the Jesuits at an earl}' period, the Guarani missions in par- ticular at one time containing more than 300,000 Indians ; but through the raids of the slave- hunters and the subsequent expulsion of the Jesuits, the missions were finally broken up, the more civilized Indians remaining to be incorpo- rated with the Spanish settlements, while others retired far into the unexplored western wilder- ness. In general culture the Tupian tribes as a rule were superior to the other aborigines of Brazil, though much inferior to the Quichua of Peru. They practiced agriculture to some ex- tent, raising corn, manioc, and tobacco, and were expert stone-workers, hammock-weavers, and makers of pottery. They kept monkeys and pec- caries for food, but their main dependence was upon hunting and fishing. Their houses were light structures, usually communal, and most of them went entirel.v naked. With the exception of the Omagua, who had acquired considerable of the Quichua culture, they had no metals. The Tupfan languages have been extensively culti- vated, the Guarani having been adopted by the Jesuits for use in all the missions of the Para- guay, while the Tupf, in its corrupted form, is still the trade medium throughout the Amazon region. Consult: Adam, Materiaux pour servir i VctahVissement d'une grammaire comparee des didlrctes de la fatnille Tupi (Paris, 1896). TTJP'MAN, Tract. In Dickens's Picku-icl: Papers, a susceptible member of the Pickwick Club. TUP'PER, Sir Chakles (1821—). A Cana- dian statesman. He was born at Amherst, Xuva Scotia, where he was educated, and he studied medicine in Edinburgh. He settled in his native place as a medical practitioner; in 1862 was ap- pointed Governor of Dalhousie College, Halifax, and was president of the Canadian Medical As- sociation from 1867 to 1870. In 1835 he had been elected member of the Nova Scotia Pro- vincial Assembl}', and for two terms was secre- tary, and from 1864 to 1867 Premier. He took a prominent part in Canadian federation, and in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway. After the union he was President of the Council from 1870 to 1872; Minister of Inland Revenue, 1872; Minister of Customs, 1873; Minister of Public Works, 1878 ; and Minister of Railways and Canals, 1879. In the latter j-car he was made a Knight Commander of Saint Michael and Saint George, having been a C. B. since 1867. After representing his native county first in the provincial and then in the Dominion Parlia- ment for twenty-eight consecutive years, he re- signed in 1884 on proceeding to London as High Commissioner for Canada, an appointment he again received in 1888. He was one of the British plenipotentiaries on the Fisheries Com- mission at Washington, 1887-88. which effected an agreement concerning the Canadian fisheries dispute, and in 1888 he received the honor of a baronetcy. In 1896 he succeeded Sir JIackenzie Bowell as Premier, but resigned six months later, after the Conservative defeat over the question of religious education. At the general election in 1900 he was rejected by Cape Breton, the scene of his continuous electoral triumphs during fort.y years, and retired to private life. TUPPER, Sir Charles Hibbert (1855—). A Canadian Cabinet Minister, born at Amherst, Nova Scotia. He studied at McGill and Har- vard universities, and in 1878 was admitted to the bar. In 1882 he was returned to the Do- minion Parliament, and subsequentlv also in 1887, 1888, 1891, and 1896-1900. From 1888 to 1895 he was Minister of ilarine and Fisheries, and from 1895 to 1896 was Minister of Justice and Attorney-General. In 1893 he served as agent for the British Government in the Paris tribunal of arbitration on the Bering Sea ques- tion. TUPPER, Martin Farquhab (1810-89). An English versifier, born in London. His father, IMartin Tupper, was a well-known London sur- geon belonging to a German family which had long been settled in Guernsey. Martin was edu- cated at the Charterhouse, and at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1832 he entered Lincoln's Inn, where he was called to the bar three .vears later. He never practiced law, but turned at once to litera- ture. He twice visited the United States (1851 and 1876). He died at Albury. near Guildford, November 29, 1889. Tupper " published thirty- nine volumes. His first work, a collection of poems called Sacra Poesis ( 1832), attracted slight attention. This was followed by Geraldine (1838), a ludicrous attempt to complete Cole- ridge's Chrixiahel. In the same year appeared the first installment of Proverbial Philosopht/ in verse. The work was continued and completed in 1876. The earlier parts were enormously popular. Large sections of the poems were also