Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/597

* TUBERCULOSIS. 519 TUBEROSE. rare condition except when associated with tu- berculosis of other parts. Tuberculosis also occurs in the palate, tonsils, pharynx, oesophagus, and stomach. The lesions are similar to those described in other mucous membranes, that is, the formation of nodules, a catarrhal inllamma- tion, and necrosis with the formation of ulcers. Intestines. In tuberculosis of the intestines there is involvement of Peyer's patches and of the solitary lymph nodules as well as ulcers of the mucous membrane between the patches. As a primary lesion it is extremely rare in adults, much less rare in children, where there is apt to be involvement of the mesenteric glands or a tubercular peritonitis. In the secondary form of the disease in adults the lungs are the usual seat of the primary lesion. The ulcers occur chiefly in the colon, ea?cuni, and ileum. Thej' may be very extensive, afl'ecting the greater portion of the mucous membrane of both large and small intes- tines. The ulcers are irregular in shape, rough in outline, their long axes transverse to the lumen of the gut. They usually involve not only the mucous membrane, but also the submucosa and muscular coats. Thej' rarely perforate. With healing of the ulcers, extensive scar tissues may form, so contracting the bowel as to cause steno- sis. Not unconniionh' tubercles are present on the peritoneum adjacent to the intestinal ulcers. Tuberculosis of the rectum is quite frequently associated with fistula, the fistula being of the nature of a tuberculous ulcer. In tuberculosis of the breast, nodules form in the gland. These may become necrotic, commu- nicate by fistulous openings with the surface, and form ulcers. In the majority of eases the axil- lary glands are involved. Tubercular lesions may occur in the brain as part of a general miliary tuberculosis. In such cases it attects the meninges, causing a tubercu- lous meningitis, usually associated with an in- crease in the fluid within the ventricles (acute hydrocephalus). In chronic tuberculosis of the brain the lesion is a nieningo-encephalitis. the tubercles affecting both meninges and brain tissue proper. The lesion is usually localized and there are in most cases several noclules. These nodules vary in size from a quarter of an inch to nearly an inch in diameter, sometimes being even larger. The nodules on section present a grayish yellow appearance, a necrotic sometimes almo.st fluid centre, and are surrounded by an area of clear soft tissue. The nodules are usually attached to the pia mater and extend from the surface into the brain. The nodules may interfere with cere- bral circulation, causing softening, or sinus thrombosis, or may incite an acute meningitis. The pia is apt to be thickened and adherent to the brain surface. Instead of several nodules there may be one large solitary tubercle. Lesions quite similar to those described for the brain may occur in the cord either with or without brain lesions. See B.cteri.; Disease, Germ Theory OF. Consult: Latham, Pulmonary Consumption (London, 1903) : Osier. Prnctice of JIalicitie (New York, 1901) ; Zicgler, PnthoJoffical Anato- my (Eng. trans., ib., 1SS7) ; Klebs. Tulerciilosc (Hamburg, 1894) ; and monographs by Virchow (1803-65) and Koch (1882-90). TUBERCULOSIS (in animals). Viewing the evidence at hand, investigators have attribut- ed the various forms of tuberculosis in animals to Bacillus tuberculosis. Birds are commonly supposed to be alfccted by a dillerent form, but the differences observed are also considered to be due to differences in the anatomy and resisting power of different animals. Horses, sheep, goats, dogs, and cats are rarely affected; poultry and parrots frequently ; cattle and hogs most com- monly. European and American statistics from tuberculin tests and from meat inspection indi- cate that from 10 to .50 per cent, of the cattle examined are afl'ected. Tubercles may be found locally or generally distributed in the respiratory, alimentary, and lymphatic structures and in the bones of the animal examined. The popular no- tion that tuberculosis in man is caused by the consumption of tuberculous meat and milk is without sure proof, and obviouslj- experiments cannot be made to determine this point. Since, however, such food products are feared, and since they suggest unclcanness and negligence on the part of both producer and consumer, they should be avoided. Governmental inspection of dairies and meat has wrought great improvements in the sanitary conditions of stock and dairy farms, and methods of handling milk and meat, and has educated the public to demand pure animal prod- ucts. The danger is far less than is generally supposed, since experiments indicate that milk from cows suspected to be tuljerculous may be fed to calves without danger, and when pasteur- ized it may be used as human food with no unto- ward results. For the detection of incipient cases of tubercu- losis in cattle tuberculin is usually employed. This substance contains what is called the toxin produced during the growth of the bacillus, but does not contain the living organism. When in- jected into healthy cattle tuberculin produces no reaction, but in affected cattle an elevation of from 11'^° to 3° or more of the body temperature and a slight swelling at the point of injection are looked for. Animals which show these symptoms are considered tuberculous and are separated from the rest of the herd. If they are valuable they may be used for breeding purposes, since the progeny rarely exhibit tuberculous symptoms. The calves are usually separated from tlieir mothers very soon after birth. No reliable medical treatment has been discovered, though repeated injections of tuberculin have in some instances appeared to be slightly curative. Some cases recover spontaneously. Preventive meas- ures are cleanliness, airy quarters, pure water and food, and free range upon good, well-man- aged pastures. TUBEROSE (from Lat. ttiherosa. fem. sg. of tuierosiis. tuberous, from fuhrr. swelling, tumor, knob on plants ; associated by popular etymology with Eng. tube rose), Polianthes tiiherosa. The onlv species of its genus, which belongs to the natural order Amaryllidacens. Tlie ])lant. which is a native of Mexico, has a tall stem with long leaves at the base and shorter ones toward the top of the several-flowered spike of very fragrant white blossoms. The plant grows well in mild climates, but it bears the open air in northern countries only during the summer. Near Grasse, in Southern France, the tuberose is largely grovm 89 a source of perfume. The popularity of a double-flowered form has suffered from its too extensive use in funeral designs, etc. In outdoor