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* TKOY. 490 TROY. The history of the hill as read in the excava- tions and later writers is that of a series of at least nine successive settlements, many of which were only small collections of wretched huts, though a convenient terminology has dignified them all as 'cities.' The first (1) settlement is a small group of dwellings surrounded by a wall, belonging to the end of the Neolithic Period. The second (2) city, held by Schliemann to be the Homeric Troy, was defended by a strong wall of rough stone, topped by crude brick, and seems to have extended its circuit twice, the second time with marked alterations in the situation of the gates. Within were sev- eral houses, consisting of a great hall and vesti- bule, of the type found later in Mycense and Tiryns, and apparently described in the Homeric poems. The civilization indicated by the pottery and lesser finds shows that the inhabitants were at the beginning of the Bronze Age, belonging to the period of the so-called "Island" civilization. (See Ahch.eology. ) The rulers were evidently of some wealth and power, but their identity seems lost forever. The continuity of tradition in the pottery and general type of building, and the similarity with much found in Phrygia, seem to warrant the belief that there was no change of race from the second to the sixth city, and that this people were kindred of the Indo- European Phrygians. Yet they were not at peace with their neighbors, as is shown by the fact that the second city was burned, and the site left desolate. The place was resettled, however, and the houses of the third (3) city were built on the rubbish which concealed their predeces- sors; the wall also was repaired, and the gates narrowed for greater security. This city, too, was destroyed, or^ i)erhaps abandoned, but was again resettled (4), as an open village. To this succeeded (5) another village of little huts, de- fended by a wall of no very great strength. The next city (6) was, however, of a verj' different sort. It was defended by a strong wall of smoothed stone, of far greater circuit than that of the city No. 2, and of such workmanship that a bit discovered by Schliemann was attributed to the Hellenistic period. This wall was pierced by gates, provided with strong flanking towers. Within were houses of considerable size, but of the same simple plan as those in the second city. Owing to a great terrace built by the Romans, which cut down the top of the hill, the remains of this city are only preserved around the edge, while the centre, which doubtless contained the royal palace, has vanished. As Sehlieniann's ex- cavations were almost entirely confined to the centre of the hill, it was possible for him to niisg this city, which belonged to the Myceniean period, and certainly corresponds to the Homeric Troy. It seems clear from the objects found, that the kings of Troy, though powerful enough to build strong walls, ruled over a people less advanced in artistic work. The old plain pottery continued in general use, and the Trojan imitations of the imported Mycenaean ware, while good in form and color, show conspicuous deficiency in the characteristic graceful decoration. The remains clearly show that this royal castle was destroyed by fire, and also that after no very long period another settlement (7) covered the hill. Myce- niean vases have been found in its lower strata. but whether the inhabitants were survivors of the Trojans, or the first wave of Greek settlers, cannot with certainty be determined. It is clear, however, that tlic Cimmerian invasion in the eighth century B.u. reached this hill, and after destroying the inhabitants, either Treres or Cim- merians took up their abode on the site, till in the seventh century they were driven forth and Troja or Ilion was occupied by Greeks (8). The settlers seem to have been a small band of iEolian colonists, who were cut ofl' from the sea by other Greek towns, and seem to have lived with little to recall the ancient glory of the place. The prosperity of the place (9) began with the visit of Alexander in B.C. 334, and the Temple of Athena Ilias became after his death the centre of a league of free cities of the Troad. Near the end of the fourth century Lysimachus fortified it with a wall some five miles in cir- cumference, and also built on the hill a marljle Temple of Athena. Later the town was under the control of Seleucus, but its history during this time is obscure. It passed under the Roman protection B.C. 189, and was honored as the city of ^^neas, and thus the parent of Rome. In the first civil war, about B.C. 85, it was stormed and sacked by the Marian Fimbria. New prosperity came with Julius Ctesar, for the Julian family traced their desceiit from Ascanius. and Augustus rebuilt the Temple of Athena and surrounded it with courts and porticoes. Later emperors favored it, and Constant ine planned to make it the seat of his new capital. It was for a long time the seat of a bishopric, but was plundered about 1306 by the Turks and since then has lain in ruins. For the legendarv history of Troy, see Trojajv Wak. Bibliography. The excavations of Schlie- mann and Dorpfeld are published in Trojan An- tiquities (London, 1874), /?io.s (ib., 1881), Troja (ib., 1884) ; Bericht iiber die Ausgrabungen in Troja im Jahre 1S!>0. von H. Schliemann und Dorpfeld (Leipzig, 1891); Dorpfeld, Troja, 1S93 (ib., 1894) ; and finally in the definitive work by Diirpfekl and others. Troja und Ilion (Athens, 1902). Consult also Schuchardt, Hchlieinunn's Excavations, trans, by E. Sellers (London; 1891). TROY. The county-seat of Pike County, Ala., 52 miles south Iiy east of Montgomery, on the Plant System and the Central of Georgia railroads (Jlap: Alabama, D 4). It is the seat of a State normal school. Troy is the shipping centre for large cotton interests, and has some manufactures, of which fertilizers are the most important. The government, under the charter of 1870, is vested in a mayor, chosen every two years, and a iniicamcral council. The water-works and the electric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Troy was settled in 1843 and incorporated the same year. Population, in 1890, 3449; in 1900, 4097. TROY. An important manufacturing city and the county-seat of Rensselaer County, N. Y., on the Hudson River, at the head of steam navi- gation, 6 miles above Albanv, and miles north of New York City (Map: New Y'ork, G 3). It is on the New York Central and Hudson River, the Delaware and Hudson, the Boston and Maine, and the Rutland railroads; and additionaV means