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* TROUBADOURS. 487 TROUT. fact that their poems deal so largely with the subject of love. This love was, it is true, cliielly factitious anil conventional, rather than personal, and the fnrniulas in which it was expressed are oxceedinjily monotonous; but the modern imagi- nation has built up for these wandering min- strels a sort of buttcrlly existence of poetry and passion, to which is added the excitement of con- stant adventures. That such a ])iclnre does not represent the truth is obvious, but it is intensely fascinating, and the troubadours will probably long continue to be regarded as sentimental heroes. Bibliography. The best work on the subject for English readers is Justin H. Smith, The Troubadours at Home, with bibliography (New York, 189!)), a popular view of the troubadour country, stories of their adventures, and transla- tions of their poems, together with cojiious and scholarlv notes. Less exact and scholarly are Hueffer." The Troubadours (London, 1878) ; Rutherford, The Troubadours ; llteir Lores and Their Lyries (ih., 1873); Rowbotham, The Troubadours and the Courts of Lore (ib,, 1895). The best edition of Les bioffraphies des trouba- dours in Provencal is that by Chabancau (Tou- louse, 1885). Most of these biographies have been translated by Ida Farnell, Lives of the Troubadours from the ilediwral Proreu^al (London, 1890). Consult also the authorities referred to under Pkovenqal Literature. TROUBETZTCOY, Princess Am£lie (Rn-Es). See Rivivs, AsiiiLiE. TROUP, George McIntosh (1780-1856). An American politician, born in the present Wash- ington County, Ala. He graduated at the Col- lege of Xew .Jersey (Princeton) in 1797, was admitted to the bar in 1800, and began to prac- tice in Savannah. From 1801 to 1804 he was a member of the Georgia Legislature: was a mem- ber of the L'nited States House of Representatives from 1807 to 1815; was chairman of the Mili- tary Committee during the War of 1812, and opposed vigorously the Yazoo compromise. From 1816 to 1818 he was in the l'nited States Senate, and from 1823 to 1827 was Governor of Georgia. During the dispute which arose between the agents of the general Government and the State in regard to the ex- tinguishment of the Creek title to lands in Georgia, he did not hesitate to defy the Federal Government. From 1829 to 1833 he was again a member of the LInited States Senate. He was a strong defender of States' rights, and in 1833 presided over the Georgia States' Rights Con- vention. TROUS-DE-LOUP, troo' de-loo', or Wolf- holes. A device formerly much used in mili- tary fortifications. It consisted of funnel-shaped holes, 6 feet deep, with an exterior diameter of 414 feet, having one or more pointed stakes at the bottom. They were placed near the ap- proaches and the glacis, and were designed to break the ranks of the attacking force. The principle is still retained in the modern shallow military pits, and other forms of military ob- stacles, wire entanglements, etc. TROUT (AS. truht, from OF. truite, from Lat. trueta. tructus, from Gk. Tpi'mrr/r, troktes, sort of sea-fish, from rpuyrn', trogein, to gnaw). Any of many fishes of the family Salmonidse. ( See Salmon.) Some are partly anadromous, liut most of the species live exclusively in fresh waters, and occur in most of the lakes and streams of northern regions. They are all vora- cious and more or less gamy. Their food con- sists of almost any sort of fresh animal matter — smaller fishes, crustaceans, insect larvie, and the like. The trout, like the salmon, spawn during the coUler months of the year, varying with the latitude and the species. Trout may be classed into two main groups. The one group, belonging to the genus Salmo, has a flat vomer, supplied with teeth, the body with larger scales than the other group, which has a boat-shaped vomer, the shaft destitute of teeth. The latter group is more perfectly re- stricted to fresh waters than the former. The former group includes the salmon-trout, and the latter the chars, such as the brook trout. The salmon-trout of European waters {Salmo trulla) resides in salt water, and enters the rivers to spawn. Its fresh-water variety, the brown trout ( Salmo fario ), occurs in the lakes of Europe, and has been extensively domesticated in English and North American waters. Another Scottish variety, the Loehleven trout, differs from the brown trout in the greater growth of the pec- toral and caudal fins, in the greater number of cipcal appendages, and in other minor characters. The American salmon-trout {Salmo Gairdneri) is a large trout, abundant in the Columbia and other rivers flowing to the Pacific coast. (See Steelhead.) a variety of it, the Kamloops trout, or 'stit-tse,' occupies the lakes of British Columbia and northern Washington. The rainbow or Coast Range trout {Salmo irideus) is smaller than the preceding, has larger scales and brighter colors. It is native in the mountain streams of the Pacific Coast, and prob- ably enters the sea. It is very variable, presents many geographical varieties, such as the brook trout of western Nevada, the trout of Mt. Shasta, golden trout of Mt. ^^'hitney, the jSIcCloud River trout, and others. It has been transplanted suc- cessfully into the mountain streams of the East- ern L'nited States, and has been domesticated to some degree. The 'cut-throat' or RocI<y Moun- tain trout {Salmo m;/kiss) is a common trout of very wide distribution in all the clear streams of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, from Kamtchatka and Alaska to Northern Mexico. Its scales are smaller than in the nearly related species, hyoid teeth are usually )(resent, and it is very closel.v related to Salmo Gairdneri. This species often enters the sea, and is very variable, many geographical races being recognized, one of which, 'Clarke's trout' of the Columbia River, is illustrated on the Plate of Salmon. The Great Lakes trout, 'longe,' 'togue,' or 'naniaycush,' differs from Salmo in the absence of teeth on the shaft of the vomer, and from the brook trout in its larger size and well-developed teeth on the hyoid bone. It inhabits all the larger lakes of Eastern North America, and is one of the more important food-fishes of the Great Lakes region. The variety 'siscowet,' found only in the deep waters of Lake Superior, has excessively fat flesh, and is not prized as food. See Namaycu-SH. The principal chars of American water.s are the common brook or speckled trout, the UoIIy Varden, the oquassa, and the European brook