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* TARDE. 36 TABENTOLA. sured after thp publication of his Lois de Vintita- lion in 1S90. He later became professor of moil- ern philosophy at the Coll&ge de France in Paris. In a larffe nunil)cr of books and articles. Tarde elaborated a complete and original tlieory of society. It is essentially a psyciioiogical theory. In Tarde's view, to study society is to study how the minds of men act. and how they influence one another. The essence of society, he held, is that one man should be so affected by another that the two should be brought to greater similarity of thought or action. Social life is a round of in- vention and imitation ; an 'invention" being a new- thought or act of any kind whatever, and ■imitation' any thought or act of copying or making after a model. Imitation obeys" certain laws which Tarde made it his business to in- vestigate. Thus it is usually the inferior who copies the superior, the lower class the upper class; it is generally true that a new idea has prestige because of its novelty, though if it be taken up as a permanent institution it will also come to prestige through the tradition of age. Circles of imitation spread from different inven- tions as do the ripples around stones tnrown on a pond; the circles interfere, oppose, or com- bine, in complicated ways which Tarde sought to analyze. The essentials of his theory were presented in the Lois de I'imitation, aiid were much elaborated five years later in his Logique sociale. in which extensive illustrations were given from the whole range of social development. Along with his sociological theory, Tarde grad- ually developed a philosophical system, best summarized in his Lois sociales (1898), His psychological point of view is carried over into his criminological work. La criminality compar^e (1886), his first book, emphasized the purely so- cial influences upon crime, with much criticism of the anthropological school of Lombroso. La phi- losophic penale (1890) is a more systematic presentation of his ideas. Tarde's other works include: Etudes pennies et sociales (1892) ; Les transformations du droit (1893) ; Essais et me- langes sociologiques (1895); L'opposition iini- verselle (1897); Etudes de psychologic sociale (1898) ; Les transformations du pouvoir (1899) ; L'opinion et la foule (1901); Pst/chologie 4co- nomique (1902); in English translation. Social Lau-s (New York, 1898 jT TARDIEU, tar'dye'. A French family of en- gravers. NicoL.s Henri (1674-1749), born in Paris, was a pupil of Lepautre and the Audrans. He became Court engraver, and executed a por- trait of the Due d'Antin (after Rigaud, 1720) ; "Constantine Exhibiting the Cross" (1742) ; and "The Battle Between Constantine and Maxentius" (1745). His son and pupil, Jacques Nicolas (C.1716-C.1791), succeeded him as Court engraver, and was also appointed engraver to the electoral Court of Cologne. — Jean Charles (called Co- chin) ( 1765-1830), a son of the preceding, was an historical painter, pupil of Regnault, took the second Prix de Rome (1790). and was favored by Napoleon. For the latter he painted "The Queen of Prussia at Tilsit in 1807," and two other pictures (Versailles). — .Tean Baptiste Pierre (1746-1816), a grand-nephew of Nicolas Henri, was the first to raise the art of geograph- ical engraving to great perfection, and was ably followed in its practice by his brothers Pierre Alexander (1756-1844) and Antoine Francois ( 1757-1822), as well as the latter's son Ambroise (1788-1841), who was equally successful with portraits and arcliitcctural subjects. TAE.BIGBADA (Lat., slow-going) , A group of little animals of uncertain allinities. repre- sented by the bear-animalcules. They are minute, slowly moving, soft-skinned animals, not more than a millimeter in length, and are often referred to the class Arachnida, as distantly related to the mites. The body is short and thick, not divided into segments, the head slightly separated from the trunk. The mouth is provided with a sucking proboscis, and is surrounded by papill*. The digestive canal opens by a muscular pharynx into a narrow oesophagus, which leads to a capacious stomach, succeeded by a short intestine. There are two eye-like spots, and the nervous system consists of a brain succeeded by a ventral nerve-cord of four ganglia. There are no heart, blood-vessels, nor any respiratory organs ; and the animals are hermaphroditic. The segmentation of the" egg (which is very large) is complete and regular. Tardigrades are not uncommon in bog-moss (Sphagnum), or in fresh and salt water, and are capable of revivifying after being apparently dead and dried up, if placed in water. TARE ( of uncertain etymologj' ; possibly con- nected with ME. tare, brisk, eager). Various leguminous plants, especially species of Vicia, weak climbing plants, natives of the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. One of these, the wild vetch {Vicia hirsiita), has very small flowers and pods, pinnate leaves, and small leaf- lets. It affords nourishing food for cattle. Init the quantity is so small that it is seldom cultivated and is chieflj' known as a weed. One species ( Vicia sativa), with an upright branching habit, is cul- tivated in some parts of Europe for its herbage, which is thought to be rich enough to compensate for its small quantity. The plant thrives well in poor sandy soils, where it is valuable for green manure. (See Vetch.) The tare of the New Testament is supposed to be darnel. TAREN'TOLA (It., Tarentine. from Taranto, from Lat. Tarantum, from Gk. Tdpas, Taras. a city of Southern Italy), or Tarente. One of the commonest geckos (q.v.), or lizards, of the Medi-