Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/548

* TROCHU. 478 TROGUS POMPEItTS. a bureau in the Ministry of War. During the Crimean War he served as aid to Saint-Arnaud and Canrobert, was made a general of brigade, and at Sebastopol distinguished himself in the storming of the Malakoft' bastion, September 8, 1855. As general of division during the Austro- Italian war of 1859 he did excellent service at .Solferino, assuming, after the conclusion of peace, an important post in the War Department. In 1867 he published, anonymously, L'armee fran- fdise en 1867, in which he criticised severely the defects in the French army organization, thereby losing favor at Court. After the outbreak of the war with Germany, he became. August, 1870, Governor of Paris, and on the downfall of the Second Empire, after Sedan, was made head of the Government of National Defense, j-emaining at the same time in command of the military forces of the city. His half-hearted defense of the capital subjected him to bitter criticism, and when further resistance to the besieging forces had become impossible, he laid down the office of Governor, January 22, 1871. a week before the capitulation of the city. He re- mained at the head of the Government till the meeting of the National Assembly, of which he was a member. In 1873 he resigned from the army and retired to private life. He died at Touis October 7, 1896. In defense of his eon- duct during the siege of Paris, he published L'enipire et la defense de Paris devant le jury de la Seine ( 1872) ; Pour la virile et pour la jus- tice (1873); La politique et le siege de Paris (1874). TROCTOLITp (from Gk. TpoiKris, troktos, that which can be gnawed, from Tpuiyeiv, trogein, to gnaw + W9os, lithos, stone). An olivine gabbro (q.v.), especially rich in serpentinized olivine, in Germany called Forellenstein (trout- stone). TRCE'ZEN (Lat, from Gk. Tpoifjj^, Troizen). An ancient city of Greece in Ai-golis, about 2 miles from the Saronic Gulf, nearly opposite Calauria. It played some part in Greek legend, being closely associated with Attica, as the birthplace of Theseus, whose mother, ^-Ethra, was daughter of King Pittheus. Here also was localized the story of the fatal love of Phaedra (q.v.) for her stepson Hippolytus (q.v.). In historic times it was a Dorian city. During the invasion of Xerxes it took a prominent part in the defense of Greece, sending ships to the Greek fleet, and re- ceiving with great kindness the Athenian women and children when driven from their city by the Persian advance. It was later a faithful ally of Sparta during the Peloponnesian and Corinthi- an wars. Under the Macedonian supremacy it changed masters frequently, now being in the hands of Macedon, again under Sparta, and again hrought by Aratus into the Achsean League. In Roman times it seems to have continued to flourish, for Pausanias (q.v.) gives a somewhat detailed account of the objects of interest in the place. The site near the modern village of Da- niala is marked by few ruins, and excavations undertaken by the French School at Athens have brought to light little beyond the foundaiions of some large buildings of rather uncertain use. TROGLODYTES, trog'lo-dl'tez (Lat. troglo- dijfn, from Gk, rpuyXoSiJTnt, troplodptes, cave- dweller, one who creeps into holes, from rpuryXT], trogle, cave, hole + Sieiv, dyein, to enter, creep into). The name given by the Greeks to tribes or races of uncivilized men, who dwelt either in nat- ural caverns, or in holes which thej' had dug for themselves in the earth. They are mentioned by Strabo as existing as far west as Mauretania, and as far east as the Caucasus, Perhaps the best- known troglodj'tes of ancient times were those of Southern EgApt and Ethiopia, where a consid- erable extent of country was called liegio Trog- ludytica. According to the Greek accounts they could not speak articulateh', but shrieked or screamed like the lower animals. Their chief oc- cupation was herding cattle, and their habits of life were rude and debased. They are reported to have eaten not only the flesh, but the bones and hides of their cattle; their drink is said to have been a mixture of milk and blood ; and they had a community of wives. They went almost naked, and put to death the aged and infirm. The name is occasionally applied loosely to any class of cave-dwellers (q,v,), TROGON (Neo-Lat., from Gk. rpiiyav, prea. part, of Tpuyeiv, trOgein, to gnaw), A bird of tlie family Trogonidie, including about 50 species remarkable for the beaut.v of their plumage, which is soft, full, and brighth' colored. The bill is short, strong, with a wide gape; the tail generally long, in some species very long; the feet small, and frequently feathered almost to the toes. The toes are two in front and two behind, but, unlike all other zygodaetylous birds, the reversed toes are the first and second in.stead of the first and fourth. All the trogons are tropical. They abound most of all in South America, but a number occur in Asia and a few in Africa. One species, the copper-tailed trogon (Trogon atnhig- vus), is found as far north as the valley of the Rio Grande. It is II inches long, bright me- tallic golden green, throat white, breast and belly carmine, middle tail feathers coppery green, the rest of the tail white and black. Tlie most gor- geous of the trogons is the quetzal (q.v.). Tro- gons are usually seen singly or in small flocks, and are unsuspicious. They remain most of the time in the thick forest, resting quietly during the heat of the day. The Old World species feed principally on insects, but American trogons eat much fruit, and also catch insects, crabs, crayfish, small lizards, snails, and the like, getting most of this food on the wing or by clinging to the branches of trees, like woodpeckers or mouse- birds. Their notes are loud, rather discordant cries, varied by clucking, whistling, and other strange notes. No nest is made, the round whitish eggs being laid in a hole excavated in a rotting tree-stub. The group is ancient, as is known by fossil examples, and sufiieiently dis- tinct to be ranked as a suborder. Extended ac- counts of the American trogons are given by Sclater and Salvin in Biologia Centrali-Ameri- cana, vol. iii. (London, 1896). See Plate of Teogox, IToopoe. etc. TRO'GTJS POMPE'IUS. A Roman historian of Gallic origin who lived during the reign of Augustus, son of one of Caesar's secretaries. He was the author of Histcrice Philippicw (in 44 books), a universal history from the time of Ni- nus. King of Assyria, down to a.d. 5. The origi- nal work, which was drawn from some of the best Greek historical writers, is lost, but an epit-