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* TKISTKAM. 476 TRIUMPH. 1874); Pathioays of Palestine (2 vols., 1882); Fauna and Flora of Palestine ( 1884) ; and Fast- em Custonts in Bible Lands (1894). TBISTRAM SHANDY, The Life and Opinions of. A novel by Laurence Sterne in 9 volumes (1759-67). The plot is sliglit and with- out continuity. The cliief interest of the work is in its painting of individual characters: Wal- ter Sliandy, tlie father of the nominal hero, a man of varied and useless learning: Captain Sliandy ( Uncle Toby ), the real hero of the story ; Cor- poral Trim, and Yoriek, whose figures stand out from a background of satire, drollery, and pliilo- sophieal disquisitions. TRITHE'MITJS, Johannes (1462-1516). A German Catholic tlieologian and historian. His real name was Hcidenberg, but he was called Tritheim or Tritliemius from his birtliplace, Trittenheim. In 1482 he entered the Bene- dictine monastery at Sponheim, near Kreuznach, and in 1483 became its abbot. Here he col- lected a library which made the house famous. His rule was strict, and his monks resented his long absence in the neigliboring country, so in 1506 he exchanged Sponheim for the Scotch monastery of Saint James at Wurzburg, and there he died. His writings are very numer- ous : the principal ones are his sermons to monks (1576), but of greater value are his familiar letters (published 1536). He was also a pioneer author in German Church liistory, and invented a popular system of shorthand, Steganographia (Frankfort," 1606, n. e. 1635), for which see Bailey, John Dee and the Steganographia of Trithemius (London, 1879) . Consult his Li'/e by L. Silbernagel (2d ed., Landshut, 1868) ; Schnee- farn, Aht Johannes Triihemius und Kloster Spon- heim (Kreuznach, 1882). TRFTON (Lat., from Gk. T^<'-cr). In Greek mytliolog^'. a son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, wlio dwells with his parents in a golden palace at the bottom of the sea. He seems especially con- nected with Boeotia, and was perhaps originally a local divinity of Alaleomense or Tanagra. In this region took place the conflict of Hercules with Triton, which was a favorite subject in early works of art. In the fourth century B.C. and later, we find a whole race of Tritons, to be com- pared with Panes. Sileni, and similar multiplica- tions. In art they are at first human to the breast or waist, ending in the tail of a sea-ser- pent or fish. In later art we find the legs re- placed by fishes' tails, or else the figure that of a sea-centaur, with the head and trimk of a man, the fore legs and body of a horse, and passing into a serpent with a fish's tail. Characteristic is Triton's conch-shell, on wdiich he is represented as blowing stormily or gently. Pausanias (ix. 22) describes a Triton exhibited in Rome, which differed from the rep- resentations in art, and seems to have been the ingenious fabrication of some ^^ ancient showman. TRITON. (1) A genus of aquatic am- phibians, the newts (q.v.). (2) Any of several large gastropod shells, especially a large species (Triton Tritonis), having a spiral shell TRITON CONVERTED INTO A WAR-TRCMPET. more than a foot long, which is used as a war- trumpet by natives of the South Sea Islands, the example illustrated being one from the Admiralty Islands. TRITONE (from Gk. rplrom!, irilonos, hav- ing three tones, from Tpcis, treis, three + rifos, lonos, tone, sound, tension, strength, cord). In nuisie, a term denoting the augmented fourth which is a succession of three whole tones, as F — B. A progression by the interval of the tri- tone was strictly forbidden by the older theorists. Even in modern music it is used but sparingly. TRITYL'ODON (Neo-Lat., from Gk. rpeis, trris, three + riiXos, tylos, knob, knot, callus + ddovs, odous, tooth). A small extinct reptile of the suborder Tlieriodontia, known by its skull, which has a rcmarkablj' mammalian expression and which is found in the Karoo beds of South Africa. See Theromorpha. TRIUMPH (Lat. triumphus, OLat. triumpiis, triumph, victory, shout of joy, CJk. Oplafi^ot, thrianihos, procession at the feast of Bacchus, name of Bacchus ; of uncertain etymology). The name given in ancient Kome to the highest public honor bestowed on a general who had been suc- cessful in war. The victor, after having pro- nounced a eulogy on the bravery of his soldiers, ascended his triumphal ear and passed through the Porta Triuinphalis (which probably stood on the Campus Martins), where the senate met him, and the procession was organized and entered the city, passing by the Via Sacra to the Capitol. First marched the senate, headed by the magis- trates ; next came a body of trumpeters ; then a train of carriages and frames laden with the spoils of the vanquished; then a body of llute- players, followed by the o.xen to be sacrificed, and the sacrificing priests; then the distinguished captives with bands of inferior prisoners in chains; after whom walked the lictors of the im- perator, having the fasces wreathed with laurel. Next came the hero of the day — the im]ierator — in a circular chariot. He was attired in an em- broidered robe and flowered tunic, bearing in his right hand a laurel bough, in his left a sceptre, and having his brows garlanded with Delphic laurel. He was accompanied by his children and his intimate friends. His gTOvn-up sons, the legates, tribunes, and equites, rode behind; and the rear was brought up by the rest of the sol- diery, singing or jesting at their pleasure, for it was a day of carnival and license. When tlie procession had reached the foot of the Capitoline some of the captive chiefs were put to death : the procession, after waiting to hear their death an- nounced, mounted to the Temple of Jupiter Cai)i- tolinus, where the oxen were sacrificed, and the laurel wreath placed in the lap of Jupiter. In the evening the imperator was public!}' feasted, and it was customary to provide him a site for a house at the public e.xpense. Under the Empire generals serving abroad were considered to be the Emperor's lieutenants, and therefore, however successful in their wars, they had no claim to a triumph. They received instead triumphal deco- rations and other rewards. The oration, or lesser triumph, dilTered from the greater chiefly iji these respects: that the imperator entered the city on foot, clad in the simple toga jirwtexta of a magistrate, and wear- ing a wreath, not of laurel, but of myrtle; that