Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/524

* TRIBONIANUS. 456 TRICHIASIS. Code of Justinian and the pandects. Tribonianus died in 545. TRIBUNE (Lat. tribunus, originally a tribal ofticer, from tribus, tribe). In ancient Rome the name tribune was applied to two distinct functionaries, the military tribunes {tribiinl milituin) and the tribunes of the plebs (tribuni plcbis), which will be considered separately. (1) In the traditional oi'ganization of the citi- zens by Romulus the leader of the quota of war- riors furnished bj' each of the three tribes was called iribuntis rinlitum; and the same was true when the tribes were increased to four under Servius Tullius, when we read also of tribuni cerarii, w-hose duty it was to collect and pay into the treasury the tribal taxes ('tribute'). Under the Republic each legion was under the command of six military tribunes, at first appointed by the consuls (who were the commanders-in-chief), afterwards elected at the coniitia tributa. Their importance was greatly diminished at the end of the Republic, when the actual command of the legion in the field was confided to a skilled officer called lefiaitis legionis, and the six tribuni miU- tum were retained only as an honorary staff of the general. With the formal development of the cursus honorum. or regular sequence of offices for men of senatorial rank, the military tribiineship took its place in the preliminary service, as a stepping-stone by which young nobles might reach the higher positions. Under the Empire the name tribuni was given also to the officers of each cohort of the priietorian guards, eity guards {cohortes urbancc), and night-watch (vigilcs). (2) In the early period all the perquisites and prerogatives of government in Rome were in the hands of the patricians, while the plebs, the bulk of the people, had only the burdens of taxation and military service. This galling condition is said to have been partly remedied by the secession of the plebs in B.C. 494, when they secured the right to have annual magistrates, called tribuni plcbis, chosen from their number to look after their especial interests and needs. These w'cre six in number (at first perhaps five), served for one year, and were reeligible. They were invested with three important privileges : ( 1 ) ius auxilii, the right to defend a plebeian on any charge : ( 2 ) intercessio, the right of vetoing any measure pro- posed by the senate; (3) personal inviolability during "their term of office. After B.C. 471 the tribunes were regularXv elected by the popular eomitia tributa. The power and energy of the plebeian tribunes were responsible for the grad- ual extension of political rights to all the people. and to the struggle between patricians and plebeians that marks the history of the Repviblic. They caused the codification of the laws ('Twelve Tables') in B.C. 451 ; the recognition of the popu- lar decrees {plebi.icitci) as binding on all alike, B.C. 449; the right of intermarriage between patricians and plebeians by the lex C<nuih'ifi, B.C. 445; the successive opening up of the high offices to the plebeians ; the Licinian Rogations (q.v.), B.C. 307; and the agrarian agitation of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. (See Gr.^cchus.) Augustus Cfesar took to himself the power and rights of the tribunes (tribunicia pot est as), and hence under the Empire the office lost its im- portance, becoming a function for senators of plebeian rank, held between the quaestorship and the praetorship. TRIBUTE (Lat. tributum, from tribuere, to grant, pay, or assign, originally to a tribe, from tribus, a tribe). Money, commodities of value, or services rendered by one ruler or State to another in token of submission, as distinguished from taxation, which is the legal imposition of financial burdens by a State upon its own subjects. This distinction cannot be said, however, alvvaj's to have prevailed, and under the feudal system especially, taxation, tribute, and rent were in many cases identical. This was natural under a •system where the political superior was at the same time the owner of the land, and where such land was held lai'gely by military tenure. 'Aids' and 'reliefs' were essentially of the nature of tribute, as also were the tolls and services levied upon the cultivators of the soil by their lords, or exactions like that of heriot (q.v.). See Feudalism. TRICER'ATOPS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. rpfic, treis, three + nipa^, keras, horn -- uf, ops, face). A very interesting fossil reptile, a horned dinosaur of most formidable aspect, of which skeletons are found in the Upper Cre- taceous rocks of Colorado, Dakota, Wyoming, and ^Montana. The animal .was about 25 feet long, with heavily built legs and powerful tail. The most peculiar feature is the heavy armature of the massive head. The skull is larger than that of any other known land animal, with a length of six feet and a width across the crest of al>out five feet. It is wedge-shaped and nar- row in front of the small orbits, and expanded behind into a broad solid bony frill or crest which projects far backward over the neck and shoulders, and the edges of which are armed with a row of sharp projections that were covered with horn. On the facial region of the skull are three horns: a long outward spreading pair over the orbits and a small horn on the nose. The jaws have strong turtle-like beaks on their tips and series of two-rooted teeth placed in sockets in their posterior portions. The brain of this crea- ture was smaller than that of any other known vertebrate, with a ratio to bulk of body of two pounds to ten tons. The feet were three-toed, and the beast walked on all fours and fed on plants. Consult : Zittel and Eastman, Textbook of Palwontolofii/. vol. ii. (London and New York. 1902) ; Marsh, "The Dinosaurs of North America," Annual Reports of the United States Oeolofiical Surrcti, vol. xvi.. part i. (Washington, 1806) ; Lucas, Animals of the Past (New York. 1901 ), which contains interesting observations on the habits of Triceratops. See Dinosauria. TRICHIASIS, tri-kl'a-sis (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Tptxlamc, from 0pt^, thrix, rptxoc, trichos, hair). An inversion of one or more eyelashes, their points ribhing against the globe of the eye. It results from cicatricial contraction or long continued inflammation of the eyelids. The symptoms, like those of entropion (q.v,). are caused by irrita- tion of the conjunctiva by the rubbing of the eyelashes. L^nlike entropion, however, the in- version of the hairs is not due to inversion of the margins of the lids, which are in their natural position. This affection causes great annoyance, by exciting a pricking sensation, and by the constantly irritated and watery state of the eye which it induces. The treatment consists;