Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/520

* TBEVELYAN. 452 TREVES. and science ai^ong the natives. In 1840 he was appointed Assistant Secretarj' to the Treasury, retaining the position until 1859. With Kir Stafford Xorthcote he prepared in 1833 a report entitled The Organizatiun of ilie Permanent Civil Service, which is the basis of all subsequent civil-service legislation. In 1848 he was made Knight Commander of the Bath, and in 1859 ■^■as appointed Governor of Madras. He was ap- jjointed Finance Jlinister in India in 1862, and retired in 1865 on account of ill health. Important reforms were made in the system of accounts dur- ing his financial administration, and the re- sources of India developed by a great e.Kpansion of public works. He was created a baronet in 1874. He was the author of several valuable treatises, of which the better known are: Educa- tion of the People of India (1838) ; The Irish Crisis (1848) ; Christianity/ and Hinduism (1882). TBEVELYAN, Sir George Otto (1838—). An English politician and author, the only son of Sir Charles Edward Trevelyan (q.v.) by his wife, Hannah More JIacaulay, sister of Lord Macaulay. He was born at" Eotiiley Temple, Leicestershire, and was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge. After a short period in the East Indian civil service, he en- tered Parliament in the Liberal interest, for Tynemouth (1865) and for the Hawick Burghs (1868). He was appointed Civil Lord of the Admiralty under the first Gladstone Administra- tion (December, 1868), but resigned (July, 1870) owing to disagreement with the Premier on the Education Bill. In the second Gladstone Admin- istration he became Parliamentary Secretary to the Admiralty (November, 1880), Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (May, 1882), and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster ( 1884) . At the beginning of the third Gladstone Administration he was appointed Secretarv for Scotland (1886), but he resigned (March, 1886) because of the bill for establishing an Irish Par- liament. And agaiii in the last Gladstone Admin- istration he was Secretary for Scotland ( 1892- 95). In 1897 he resigned his seat. Trevelyan ■was among the foremost in abolishing the pur- chase of commissions in and out of Parliament and in extending household suffrage to the coun- ties. Among his publications are: The Competi- tion Wallah (1864) ; Caivvpore (1865) ; The Life and Letters of Lord Macnnlay (1876) ; The Early History of Charles James Fox (1880); and the very valuable work The American Revolution (parts "l and 2, 1899, 1903). TREVES, trevz (Ger. Trier). A city of Prus- sia, in the Rhine Province, on the right hank of the Moselle, 69 miles southwest of Coblenz (Map: Germany, B 4). It is situated in a re- gion of hills, vineyards, and woods, and presents a picturesque appearance. The town lies in a compact form, surrounded on three sides by promenades called allies. In the old city proper the streets are narrow and crooked. On the north is the Porta Nigra, an ancient fortified gate with towers — a splendid Roman relic. In the northeastern part of the city stands the cathedral, one of the oldest churches in Europe. The ancient edifice on whose site it stands ap- pears to have been used as a church already in Koman times. The building has been repeatedly restored as the result of wars and the ravages of centuries. Among its contents are an alleged nail from the cross, and the famous seamless 'Holy Coat,' which is exposed to view at stated, though not frequent, times. There are fine cloisters leading to the charming Liebfrauenkirche— iin early Ciothic structure belonging to the first half of the tliirteenth century. In the southeastern part of Treves is the spa- cious Palace Square, at the north end of which stands a brick basilica dating probably from the commencement of the fourth ccntuiy, now used as a Protestant church. At the south end of the square rises the Roman palace, a picturesque mass of ruins. The valuable provincial museum is near by." Among its remarkable antiquities are 60 hermie, torsos of Cupid and of an amazon, a mosaic credited to Monnus, and the Roman tombs from Neumagen, dating from the commencement of the Christian Era and representing the cos- tumes and daily life in this region at that period. A short distance southeast of the city is a Roman amphitheatre, built in Trajan's time. In the southwestern part of Treves, close to the IMoselle, are the Roman baths — a vast and im- pressive ruin. Two miles to the west, on a hill, rises the Column of the Virgin, commemorating the promulgation of the dogma of the Immacu- late Concc])tion. The municipal librar.y, containing over 100,000 volumes and manuscripts, is connected with the gj'innasium, and possesses rare works of ancient date. Among them is the illuminated Codex Egberti. dating from the close of the tenth cen- tury. There are also the Codex Aureus and the Fust and Gutenbei'g Bible of 1450. The manu- facturing interests are varied and important. There are tanneries, iron foundries, dye works, furniture and piano factories, glass painting works, etc. The trade is extensive in wine, fruit, and wood. The town possesses a school of viti- culture. There are many mines in the vicin- ity, including lead, copper, and tin mines. The population in 1900 was 43,324. History. Treves is usually considered the most ancient town of GJermany. It was the capi- tal of the Celtic Treviri, from whom it took its name (anciently Augusta Trevirorum), The Ro- mans made it a colony and it grew in impor- tance. It was an Imperial residence in the later times of the Roman Empire, which explains the presence of the magnificent Roman relics. Treves had a bishop at a very early date. It fell into the hands of the Franks in the fifth century. The see appears to have been erected into an archbish- opric about the beginning of the nintli century. About a century later the city, after having for a time belonged to Lorraine, was permanently united with Germany. It rose to great importance under its archbishops, who exercised temporal sway over a considerable district, and who held a place among the Imperial Electors. After a long struggle with its ecclesiastical overlords, Treves was recognized as a free city toward the close of the sixteenth century. The French took Treves in 1794, and within a few years nearly the whole of the archiepiscopal see was in their possession. The archbisho])ric was abolished. The Congress of Vienna (1814-15) handed the city and the former see over to Prussia. Consult: Wilmowski. Der Dom c» Trier (Treves, 1874) ; Freeman, Historical and Architectural Sketches