Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/518

* TRENTON SERIES. 450 TRESPASS. tains important deposits of lead and zinc ores. See Ordovici. System. TREPANG (from Malay tripang), or BfiCHE DE ilER. The dried body of a holotliurian ( q.v. ) , regarded as a delicate article of food by tlie Chi- nese. Several species are utilized, especially Holothuria ediilis, which abounds along the coasts of Kastern Asia and all the islands to the Philippines and Eastein Australia. These ani- mals are usuallj' about eight or nine inches long, but some are two feet in length. They are often found nearly buried in the coral sand, their ten- tacles only appearing above it. The hirger ones are sometimes speared in shallow water; but most of them are taken by divers. They are split down one side, boiled, pressed flat with stones, dried in the sun, and afterwards in smoke, and packed in bags. Macassar is the centre of the trade, whence several hundred tons are annually sent to China. Trepang is also gathered and prepared to some extent in California. It is highly gelatinous and nutritious, though almost tasteless. It is utilized as an ingredient in soups. TREPHINE, TREPHINING (Fr. trephine, for *tii)i)ic, diminutive of trepan, trepan, from ML. Irepanum, from Gk. rpviramv, trypanon, auger, trepan, from rpvirav, trypan, to bore, from Tpiiri], trype, hole, itrom Tpiiruv, trepein, to turn). The operation of trephining consists in the perforation of a bone by means of a trephine, which is a small cylindrical or cir- cular saw, with a centre-pin on which it works. The trephine produces a hole in the skull vary- ing usually from one-fourth to an inch or more in diameter. The larger sizes of trephines are not now employed so much as formerly, it being usually the custom to make as small an opening as possible with the trephine, enlarg- ing it where necessary by means of rongeur forceps, the chisel, or some short special form of saw, such as Hey's saw. The trephine is espe- cially employed in fracture of the skull where the fragments of bone cannot otherwise be raised, as by the use of the elevator and chisel alone. In other conditions the operation of trephining is often a mere introductory step, giving a point of entrance at one or more places from which extensive flaps of bone are broken away or turned back for free access into the cranial cavity. The operation is oftenest employed alone in cases of abscess of the brain where a very limited area of brain substance requires to be exposed. The point of application of the tre- phine in cases of abscess as well as many cases of pressure from hemorrhage, either above or below the dura, is often clearly indicated by definite sj'mptoms of brain irritation, known as 'localizing symptoms.' TREPORT, tra'por', Le. A town of the De- partment of Seine-Inffrieure, France, situated at the mouth of the Bresle, and overhung by a high, picturesque clift'. 45 miles north-northeast of Rouen (Map: France, HI). Its proximity to Paris has made it a popular bathing resort. Trfport has a sixteenth-century tower, now used as the town hall, the sixteenth-century Church of Saint .Jacques, an old Renaissance Timber House, and a conspicuous casino. There is a consider- able trade. Sugar is the leading export. The harbor is good, and a canal extends to Eu. Popu- lation, in "l 900, 4949. TRES'COT, WiLLi.M Henry (1822-98). An American dljilomatist, horn at Cluirleston, S. C. He graduated at Cliarleston College in 1840 ; studied law in Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in 1843; became secretary of the United States legation in London in 1852; and was Assistant Secretary of State from June, 18(!0, until the secession of South Carolina. During a part of this period he was also the confidential agent of his State. In 1862, 1804, and ISOO he was elected to the State Legislature, and he also served on the staff' of General Ripley. In 1877 he was one of the agents of the United States Fishery Commission at Halifax; in 1880 helped to revise the treaties between the L'nited States and China; in 1881 was sent as special envoy to Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, which were then at war; and in 1882 was associated with General Grant in negotiating a new treaty with Jlexico. Among his published works are: Diplomacy of the Revolution (1852) ; An American. View of the Eastern Question (1854;) and Diplomatic Uis- tory of the Administrations of Washington' and Adams (1857). TRESPASS (OF. trespas, departure, Fr. trcpas. decease, from OF. trespasser, to pass over, depart, die, Fr. trcpasser. to die. from ML. tranS'passare, to pass over, from ML., Lat. trans, across, through + J^^L. passare, to pass, to step, from Lat. passus, pace). This term first appears in English law as the name of a form of action brought for the recovery of dam- ages resulting from an act of violence done to the person or property of the plaintiff. Now that forms of action are generally abolished, the term is iised almost exclusively to denote the wrongful conduct for which an action in trespass, as dis- tinguished from an action on the cas&, or of trover, could have been brought at common law. In this sense, tresp,ass means a direct and forci- ble injury to the person or the propert}' of an- other. The most frequent exiimples of trespass to the person are aff'orded by assault and battery (q.v.) and by false imprisonment (q.v.). It does not extend to acts which are lawful in themselves, and are actionable only because done negligently. Such acts were remediable under the old system of procedure by an action on the case. Trespass to goods or chattels consists in the wrongful disturbance of another's possession of them. Thus, if one injure or destroy a chattel which belongs to another without taking it from the possession of the rightful owner, or if he wrongfully deprive such owner of its possession without doing it any injuiy, or if he do both of such wTongs, he is guilty of trespass. There is no crime involved in thus forcibly taking property from the possession of its owner, unless the act be done atiimo fiirandi — i.e. with an intent to commit a felony. The mere wrongful retention of the personalty of an- other, even though it follow a trespass in the taking thereof, is not in itself a trespass, but constitutes the tort of conversion. It is no defense to an action of trespass that a third party was entitled to the property at the time the defend- ant disturbed the plaiutiff''s possession, unless it is also shown that the defendant's act was au- thorized by such third party. The defendant must stand, if at all, on the strength of his own right to possession, not on the weakness of