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* TBENHOLM. 447 TBENT. TREN'HOLM, George A. (1806-7G). An Aiiifiicau merchant auJ financier, born at Cliarlcston, S. C He engaged in business at Cluulcston, and was very successful. During the Civil War he successfully ran the blockade and secured much needed supplies for the Confed- eracy. From June, 1864, until the end of the war, he was Secretary of the Treasurj- of the Confederate States. After being imprisoned until October, 1865, he was pardoned by Presi- dent Johnson. TRENT. A river rising on the northwest border of Stafl'ordshire. England, about 10 miles north of Burslem (ilap: England, F 4). It flows first soutlicast to the border of Derbyshire, and afterwards in a generall.y northeast direc- tion, through Ihe counties of Derbj', Nottingham, and Lincoln, to a point about 8 miles east of the town of Goole, where it unites with the Ouse (q.v. ) to form the Humber (q.v. ). It receives the Derwent, Idle, and Tarn from the west, and the Soar from the south; it is navigable by barges for 120 miles, from its mouth to Burton- on Trent. Length, 170 miles. TRENT. A wide and picturesque river of Ontario. Canada, which has its outlet at Trenton, on the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario (ilap: On- tario, F 3). It issues from the northeast end of Lake Rice and drains a system of lakes and rivers which extends to Georgian Bay on Lake Huron. TRENT (It. Trento, Ger. Trlcnt). A town of Tyrol, Austria, 76 miles northwest of Venice, on the left bank of the Adige (Map: Austria, B 3). It is built largely in the Italian style and has some beautiful old palaces. In the Piazza Grande is the celebrated Fountain of Neptune, made of red marble. A beautiful bronze statue of Dante (by Zocchie, 1896) stands in the Piazza di Dante. The Romanesque cathedral, begun in its present form early in the thirteenth century and completed in the fifteenth, constructed en- tirely of white marble, is the most striking pub- lic building. The Church of Santa Maria Mag- giore is noted as the sitting place of the Council of Trent (q.v.). Among the other interesting archi- tectural features are the castle (the former resi- dence of the prince bishops) and two ancient towers. The municipal building contains a mu- seum of Roman antiquities and other objects. Trent is the chief town of the Italian or 'Welsch' division of Tyrol. The chief industries are silk- weaving, the making of salami (a kind of sau- sage), playing-cards, pottery, cloth, and wines, and the quarrying of marble and gypsum. The town is the seat of a bishop. Population, in 1900, 24.908. Trent is the ancient Tridentum, which was a Roman colony. It was under the rule of bishops from the eleventh century to the begin- ning of the nineteenth century, when it passed to Austria. TRENT, CouxciL of. The most notable of the modern ecumenical councils of the Roman Catholic Church, held with intermissions from 154.5 to 1563. It was the culmination of the Counter-Reformation (q.v.), and its decrees crys- tallized the results of that movement into the permanent law of the Church. For centuries those who felt the need of reform within the Church had appealed to a general council, and the long-growing discontent with the condition of things after the Great Schism had led to the great councils of the fifteenth century. The Protestant Reformation had taken many of the most ardent advocates of reform out of the Church, and left the conservative-minded party in control. A council was at first desired by Luther and his supporters as a means of closing the great breach. At the Diet of Nuremberg in 1523 the German estates appealed to Adrian VI. for the summoning of a council "within a year, in concert with the Imperial Majesty and in a German city." Adrian died in the same .year, and his successor, Clement VIL, while not refusing a council, did nothing toward calling one; and the political breach between Charles V. and the Hidy See made the Emperor's requests unfruitful. Thus it happened that when the design was put into execution in the pontifi- cate of Paul III., the Augsburg negotiations (see Reforsiation ) had failed, the break in Christen- dom was an accomplished fact, and the sincere but reactionary party was left in control. The Council was finally assembled at Trent, December 13, 1545. The Emperor desired to have the discussions opened on points of general agree- ment, in the hope of gaining the confidence of the Protestants; but the party in control brought to the front the questions most in dispute — the authority of the Scriptures in the Vulgate text, the right of interpretation, ecclesiastical tradi- tion, and the doctrine of justification, as to which the old positions were maintained. Cer- tain administrative reforms were early decreed. Bishops were to provide better schools in their dioceses, and were themselves to expound the Word of God; qualifications for the episcopal office were defined, and penalties imposed for the neglect of duties; dispensations and privi- leges were restricted. The Emperor opposed the course of the Council, and on March 11, 1547, its sittings were transferred to Bologna, where it was thought the Imperial infiuence would not be so much felt. In 1549 Paul III. died and was succeeded by Cardinal del ilonte as Julius III. The latter reassembled the Council at Trent May 1, 1551; but, after the sixteenth session, the city having become insecure on ac- count of the activity of the Protestant forces xmder Maurice of Saxony, the -sittings were again suspended for two years. After the brief reign of Slarcellus II., Cardinal Caraffa, one of the ablest leaders of the uncompromising Catho- lic party, came to the Papal throne as Paul IV. The Council now proceeded to carry out a conservative reorganization of the Church, though its work was again suspended for a time owing to the disturbances of Paul's pontificate. Pius IV., the former Cardinal Gonzaga, recon- vened it in 1560. and much important work was done, looking to a restoration of the Papal au- thority in its fullness. Ecclesiastical laws were codified; questions which had hitherto been open were definitely ruled ; uniformity of faith and discipline was established. To regulate some of the abuses of the system of indulgences, it was decreed that bishops should collect the payments made in connection with it. while the power of granting indulgences was affirmed as instituted by Christ and to be retained as useful to Chris- tians, Episcopal control of monastic orders was provided for, though the Jesuits secured a larger measure of freedom. Several matters of