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* TRELAWNY. 445 TRENCH. First Declaration of Indulgence alienated him from King James; l)e refused to sign the declara- tion, and later successfully opposed the effort of the Earl of Bath to control the Cornish elections in the interests of the Crown. On May 18, 1G83, he united with five other bishops and the Archbishop of Canterbury in drawing up a petition against the Second Declaration of Indulgence. As a result all seven were in the following month committed to the Tower on a charge of seditious libel, but were acquitted, and soon afterwards King James II. was driven from the throne. Trelawny seems not to h.ave united in the invitation of William, but after the coronation of the new sovereigns he was made Bishop of Exeter. Consult .Strickland, Lives of the Sei-eii Bishops Committed to the Tower in IGSS (London. 18GG). TRELEASE, tre-les', William (1857 — ). An American botanist, born at ilount Vernon, N. Y. He graduated at Cornell iii 1880, and after serving as instructor in botany at Harvard and at Wisconsin University, was professor at Wisconsin in 1883-85. In 1885 he was made Engelmann professor of botany in Washington University, Saint Louis, and in 1889 was chosen director of the famous Missouri Botanical Gar- den there. He was the first president of the Botanical Society of America (1884-85). _ He translated Poulsen's Botanieal Micro-Chemistry (1884) and Salomonsen's Bacteriological Tech- nology (1890). TREM'ATO'DA (Xeo-Lat. nom pi., from Gk. Tpr]iiaTwdr)t, t remalodcs, having many holes, porous, from rpfiim, trema, hole). A class of Platyhelminthes, the flukes, characterized by the possession of certain suctorial pores or openings. They have soft, roundish or flat bodies, and their visceral organs are lodged in the paren- cliyma of the body. Most of them are her- maphrodites. They seldom reach a large size (the greatest length is about five inches), but are usually visible to the naked eye. The color is usually dull gray, green, or brown, sometimes mottled. The reproductive organs are com- plicated and developed to a remarkable degree, occupying a very large part of the body. These worms are not all parasitic, nor are the parasitic forms confined to a single host during the whole of their existence. Many of them, indeed, have a most remarkable life history, showing an ex- traordinary succession of generations, in which the young resemble not the parents or grand- parents, but the great-great-grandparents. The first three or four generations live in the body of some invertebrate, especially water-snails; but the next generation is a free-swimming one, and its offspring are like the original form and para- sitic within some vertebrate. The Trematoda are divided into two orders : ( 1 ) Ectoparasitica, trematodes with three or more suckers, living on the outside of their hosts, and with a direct development from the egfi; (2) Endoparasitica, trematodes with not more than two suckers, living in the blood-vessels, alimen- tary canal, or other spaces of the higher animals, and undergoing a complicated alternation of generations. This order includes a large num- ber of species, many of which are dangerous, not only to the domestic animals, but even to man himself. See Fluke (Worm). TREMBLEY, trJiN'blA', Abr.mi.vm (1700- 84). A Swiss naturalist, principally known for his studies in Holland of the Hydra, and the dis- covery of its power of regenerating lost parts. (See Regenekation.) His Mvmoircs pour ser- vir d I'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce a Iras en forme de comes brought him great fame, and has become a classic. TREMOLITE (from Tremolo, an Alpine village, where the mineral was discovered). A variety of amphibole, consisting of calcium and magnesium silicate. It is white to dark-gray in color. It occurs usually in monoelinic prisms, although sometimes it is found in fibrous aggre- gates with a silky lustre. TREM'OLO (It., trembling). In music, an eines>ion indicating that a note or a chord is to be reiterated with great rapidity for an indefinite number of times, so as to produce a (jiavering sort of effect. In singing, the tremolo is highly effective in dramatic situations. But with manj' singers it is a mannerism arising from improper control of the l)reatli. (See Sixgixg.) For the stringed instruments the tremolo is exten- sively employed by composers, and is written ff_ It is produced by a very rapid alternation of the up-and-<Inwn stroke of the bow. TREMULANT (from ilL. treniiihiiis, pres. part, of trriiiulare, to tremble, from Lat. trem- tiliis, tremlding, from Ireiiterr. Gk. rpiimv, tremein, to tremble). A mechanical de ce in an organ for producing a tremolo. It is regu- lated by a separate draw-stop affecting a thin metal plate which interferes with the free in- flux of air into the pipes. The rapid vibration of this plate causes corresponding oscillations in the column of air. TRENCH, MiLiT.BT (from OF. trencher, trancher, Fr. trancher, to cut, from Lat. trun- care, to lop, from truneus, trunk, from truncus, OLat. troncKS, maimed). An excavation of varying dimensions, the earth from which is placed directly in front to form a parapet. Trenches are to be found in permanent and semi- permanent fortifications, as well as hasty in- trenchments (see Fortification), their nature, number, and methods of construction varying with the circumstances. Trenches are necessary for both the attack and the defense, modern con- ditions and future indications giving a constantly increasing importance to their use by an attack- ing force. Time is perhaps the greatest factor in the determination of the style of trench to be adopted, or the number of men required for its construction. Usually, an average of one pace per rifle is reckoned for shelter trenches, which for troops kneeling would require a depth of about three feet, while as a shelter for men standing it would be necessary to excavate to 4 feet 7 inches, the removed earth in both cases be- ing sufficient to provide an upper parapet of about three feet in thickness. See Fortific.tioii for illustrations and further material on field intrenchments. TRENCH, Richard Chenevis (1807-86). Archbishop of Dublin, poet, and scholar. He was born in Dublin, and educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degi-ee in 1829, and was intimate with the mem- bers of the 'Apostles' Club,' including Tennyson, Hallani, and Sterling. He was ordained deacon.