Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/51

* TAPEWORM. pearance. For dogs no remedy answers so well as powdered areca nut, of which 30 grains suffice for a dog weighing about 20 pounds. It is best given after ten or twelve hours' fasting, in a little soup or milk, and should be followed in a few hours by a dose of castor oil. Neither areca nor ail}' of the approved remedies used in men prove ellectual in sheep: and one of the best pre- scriptions for them consists of 40 drops of oil of turpentine, a dram of powdered green vitriol, and an ounce of common salt, given mixed in a little milk or gruel, or, where their bowels are confined, in linseed oil. A daily allowance of linseed cake and sound dry food should likewise be given with the grass or roots, and pieces of rock salt left within the animal's reach. Among other varieties of tieni* are Tcenia cucumcrina, which infests the dog and cat, and whose cysticercus is harbored bj- the Ilea; I'aiiia nana, which is the smallest tapeworm found in man, and which is frequent in Egypt and Sicily; and Ta-nia {liminiita, first seen in Italy, rarely found in man. The last named infests rats and mice, and its cysticercus inhabits caterpillars and certain of 'the Coleoptera. The largest tape- worm, rare in America, but conunon in Central and Eastern Europe, is Bothriocephahis Intus. It is sometimes 25 feet long, nearly an inch broad and with 4000 joints. Consult: Cobbold, Entozoa (London, 1864), and Parasites (London, 1879) ; Braun, Die thierischen Parasiten des Menschen (Wurzburg, 1003). TAPIOCA. See Cassava. TAPIR (Sp. tapiro, from Tupi Brazilian 1<ipyia, tapir). A tropical ungulate mammal of the family Tapiridse. allied to the horses and rhinoceroses. It has a bulky form, with mod- erately long legs; the front feet four-toed, the hind feet three-toed; the skin thick, the hair short ; the tail very small ; the neck thick ; the ears short ; the eyes small ; the muzzle elongated ; the nose prolonged into a short, flexible pro- boscis: 6 incisorSj 2 canine teeth, and 14 molars in each jaw. The family includes only five liv- ing species, with a very peculiar geographical distribution, as two species are found in South America, two in Central America, and one in the DENTITION OF A TAPIR. Malayan region. The best known is the 'American' tapir {Tapirus Americanus or terrrstrif:) . which is about the size of a donkey, and is common throughout the wooded parts of South America; ea.st of the Andes. Its color is uniform deep brown, but the young (as is the case with the other species) are beautifully marked with yel- lowish fawn-colored stripes and spots. The skin of the neck forms a thick rounded crest on the nape, with a short mane of stiff hair. The tapir inhabits deep recesses of the forest, and delights in plunging and swimming in water. It feeds 31 TAPPAN. chiefly on young shoots of trees, fruits, and other vegetable substances, and sometimes commits great ravages in cultivated grounds. It is in- offensive, never attacking man; but when hard pressed by dogs, shows great cunning, and if brought to bay, makes a violent resistance, and inflicts severe bites. It is very easily tamed, and becomes extremely familiar. Its hide is useful, and its flesh is eaten. The hairy tapir (Tapinis RouUni) occurs only on high levels on the Andes, up to 7000 or 8000 feet. The skin is uniformlj" covered with hairs an inch long. There are white marks on the head and the sides are bluish hazel instead of brown. The 'hog' tapirs of Central America (Tapirus Bairdi and Tapinis Dowi) are smaller than the other species, and differ from them in having the nasal septum ossified. They are brownish black above, dirty white on the throat and chest, and more or less rufous on the head. The Malayan tapir {Tapirus I ndicus) is found in the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and other large islands. It is larger lluin the Ameri- can tapir, and its proboscis is rather longer in proportion. The neck has no mane. The color is glossy black, except the back, rump, and sides of the belly, which are white. The colors do not pass gradually one into the other, but the line of separation is marked, giving the animal a very peculiar appearance. The habits of this .species are not well known, but seem to be similar to those of the American tapir, and it is equally capable of domestication. The young are striped and spotted as in that species. Fossil tapir-like forms are known from the Eocene onward, and most of them have been placed in the family Lophiodontidie ; but many species are hardly separable from the modern family Tapiridte. Consult: Beddard. Mammalia (London, 1902) ; Blanford, Fauna of British India; Mamtnals (ib., 1875) ; Alston, "Mammals," in Biolo(/ia Centrali- Americana (h., 1879-82) ; Ridley, arti- cle in Xaiural Science, vol. vi. (ib., 1895) ; and general works. See Plate of Tapirs and Hippo- potamus. TAP'LEY, Mark. The faithful servant of Martin Chuzzlewit, in Dickens's novel of that name. He accompanies his master to Amer- ica, nurses him in his illness, and makes him- self everywhere loved for his high spirits and joviality under the mo.st adverse circumstances. TAPTAN, Akthuk (1786-1865). An Ameri- can merchant, philanthropist, and reformer, the brother of Benjamin and Lewis Tappan, born at Northampton, Mass. He entered business in Portland, Maine, removed to Montreal. Canada, and after the War of 1812 established himself in the importing business in New York City. In 1827 he associated with himself his brother Lewis in the publication of the Journal of Commerce. He was largely interested in various religious, educational, and philanthropic institu- tions. It is as an Abolitionist, however, that he will be longest remembered. He became inter- ested in the American Colonization Society at its organization, but having become convinced that the society was being used by the pro-slavery party to rid the country of free negroes, in order to establish slavery more firmly, he withdrew from it. In 1830 he paid a fine which se- cured the liberation of William Lloyd Garrison