Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/509

* TREATY RIGHTS. 441 TREE. or the dwelliiifrs of the consuls of the United States their religious services, but no right of propaganda is specified. The treaty of 1830 with the Ottoman Empire merely confirmed as the treaty rights of Americans privileges already existing. American missionaries were first es- tablished in Turkey in 1818, and the privileges of extra-territoriality were then assigned to them by ancient usage. The liberty to exercise Iheir religious functions, as a privileged class, had been ah antiquo granted by a voluntary ex- tension of what is known as the 'Edict of Tolera- tion' granted by the Turks, upon their con- quest of Constantinople, to the ecclesiastics of any friendly Christian nation. While the United States was not a party to the Treaty of Berlin (1878), yet the guaranty given by the Turkish delegates applies to American citizens: "Through- out the (Ottoman) Empire the most difl'erent re- ligions are professed by millions of the Sultan's s)il)jects, and not one has been molested in his belief, or in the exercise of his mode of worship. The Imperial Ciovernment is determined to main- tain this principle in its full force, and to give to it all the extension that it calls for." By a protocol of 1874 a qualified right to hold real estate is granted to American citizens. What is known as the 'Protestant Charter' regulates mission .schools. By the treaty of 1880 with the Sultan of ilorocco the right to hold property is recognized as belonging to all foreigners. The purchase of property must take place with the previous consent of the Government, and the title of such property shall be subject to the forms prescribed by the laws of the country. No free- dom of religious propaganda is specified. TREB'BIA (Lat. Trehia). A river of North- ern Italy. It rises in the Apennines of Liguria and after a northeasterly course of 58 miles joins the Po near the city of Piacenza. Upon its banks Hannibal defeated the Eomans under Sempronius in B.C. 218. (See Hannibal.) In the vicinity the Austrians and Russians under Suvaroff were victorious over the French under Macdonald, June 17-19, 1799. TREBITSCH, traTjich. A town of Moravia, Austria, 40 miles by rail east of Brtinn. A fine abbey in the transition style of the thir- teenth century and the palace of Count Wald- stein are worthy of notice. Woolens, shoes, and malt are manufactured, and horses are dealt in. Population, in 1900, 10,597. TREB'IZOND (Turkish Tirabzon or Tara- 'biinin: Lat. Trapcziis: Gk. TpaTrcfoDs, Trape- zous, probably so called because founded on a table-land, from rpiire^a, trajtcza, table). A city of Asia ilinor. capital of the Turkish Vila- yet of Trcbizond (Map: Turkey in Asia, H 2). It is on the Black Sea coast near its eastern end, 570 miles east of Constantinople. The city has a remarkable location, being built on a small table-land falling in steep precipices on either side toward two deep parallel valleys which run out to the coast. The highest portion is crowned by an ancient castle, and the city is still surrounded by Byzantine walls. The streets are narrow, but the city has a wide- extent, nearly every house being surrounded by gardens. There are numerous churches and mosques, some of the latter being old Byzantine churches. The bazaars are mostly situated outside of the walls in the Christian quarters, the intramural portion being reserved for the Mohannnedan population. The industries include wool, silk, and linen weaving, tanning, dyeing, and filigiee manufactures. The harbor is an exposed roadstead, but the geo- graphical position of Trcbizond has for many cen- turies made it the chief entre[)ot for the transit trade between Persia and Europe. It is the terminus of the main caravan route to Persia via Erzerum. The transit trade has, however, greatly declined since the ojiening of the Russian railroad to Batum. In 1900 the exports, which chiefly consist of cattle, hazel-nuts, tobacco, and carpets, were valued at $.3,090,850, while the imports amounted to nearly twice as much. The population is estimated at about 35,000, of whom considerably more than half are Jloham- medans, the rest being chiefly Greek and Arme- nian Christians. Trapezus was founded by Greeks about B.C. 700 as a colony of Sinope. It was a flourish- ing city when Xenophon and his Ten Thousand reached it after the famous retreat. In 1204, after the occupation of Constantinople by the Crusaders, Prince Alexius of the Comiienian family established the Empire of Trcbizond, and made the city his capital. This empire lasted until 1401, when it was overthrown and the city captured by the Turks. TREBLE (OF. treble, treible, triple, from Lat, triphis, threefold, from trcs, three + -plus, -fold). The highest part in harmonized music, which in general contains the melody, and is sung by a soprano voice. The treble or G clef is placed on the second line of the „ staff, indicating that the note G oc- cupies the line encircled by its lower cun-e. It is one of the two clefs in " use in music for keyed instruments. For the history of the sign of the treble clef, see Neumes. TBEiyEGAR. A market town on the north- western border of Monmouthshire, England, 18 miles northwest of Newport (Map: England, 5). Coal-mining is the chief industry. The formerly important iron and steel works have been abandoned. The town owns gas and water- works, and cemeteries. Population, in 1891, 17,- 341; in 1901, 18,574. TREE (AS. treo. Goth, triu, tree; connected with Olr. dair, datir, OChurch Slav, dn/evo, druva, Lith. derva, Gk. SpOs,. drys, Skt. ddru, Av. am, tree, wood). A plant which attains a considerable height and has a relatively large development of woody tissue. Trees differ from herbs in their size and in the amount of woody tissue. They differ from shrubs chiefly in size, although there are all gradations between trees and shrubs. Trees differ widely among them- selves, especially in mode of branching and in leaf characters. For a discussion of their branch- ing, see Stem. For the differences between de- ciduous ajid evergreen trees, see DtiRATiON, also Forest. TREE, Herbert Beerbohm (1853—). An English actor and manager, born in London. He made his d^but in 1878 in the character of Grimaldi at the Globe Theatre. In 1884 he made a great hit in The Private Secretnrii at The Prince's. He undertook the management of the Comedy Theatre in 1887, and successfully pro- duced The Red Lamp. The same year he took