Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/500

* TBA VERSE CITY. 432 TREADMILL. facilities, and enjoys considerable reputation as a summer resort. The Northern Michigan In- sane Asylum is liere. Traverse City is exten- sively engaged in manufacturing. It is known for its production of oval wood dishes and corn starch. Other important manufactures include baskets, lumber, interior finishings, farm imple- ments, flour, leather, fur coats and robes, foun- dry and machine-shop products, etc. The gov- ernment is vested in a mayor, chosen annually, and a unicameral council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Traverse City was settled about 1850 and was chartered as a city in 1895. Population, in 1800, 4833; in 1000, 9407. TKAVERTINE (from It. travertino, tihur- tino, from Lat. tiburtinus, travertine, relating to Tibur, from Tibiir, an ancient town of Latium, now called Tivoli). A massive or crypto-crys- talline variety of limestone that is deposited from springs or rivers, and usually has an irregularly banded structure owing to its mode of formation. A variety known as calc tufa consists of cellular depositions from the waters of small springs, and often contains fossil leaves, twigs, etc. TRAVESTY (OF. travesti, p. p. of travester, to disguise, from Lat. trans, across, through -f- vestire, to clothe, from vestis, garment). A term applied in literature to denote a burlesque representation of something previously executed in a serious and lofty manner. It differs from parody (q.v.) in this respect: that while the lat- ter changes the subject matter and the dramatis pcrsonw, but mockingl.y imitates the style of the original, the former leaves the subject matter partially, and the dramatis pcrsoiiw wholly, un- altered; producing a purely comic effect by the substitution of the mean, the frivolous, and the grotesque in action or speech, for the serious, the noble, or the heroic. See Parody. TRAVIS, William Barrett (1811-36). An American soldier, born in Edgefield County, S. C. After studying law he began practice at Clai- borne, Ala., about 1830. He removed to Texas, then beginning the struggle for independence, in 1832, and at once took part in the insurrection. He was made a colonel in the revolutionary army, and was captured by the Mexican forces, but was finally released. With about 150 men he de- fended the Alamo (q.v.) from February 23 to March 6, 1836, against General Santa Anna (q.v.) and about 5,000 Mexicans, and was killed just before the stronghold was taken. TRAWLING (from trawl, from OF. tranter, trailer, trulcr. Fr. troler, to ramble, stroll, drag about; probably from MHG., Ger. trollen, to roll, run, and connected with Welsh troell, wheel, pulley, Bret, troel, winding plant, tro, circle). One of two modes of deep-sea fishing, or of ex- ploration of the depths. In Europe a 'trawl' or 'beam-trawl' is a triangular purse-shaped net, about 70 feet long, usuplly having a breadth of about 40 feet at the mouth. The upper part of the mouth is secured to a wooden beam which keeps the net open ; this beam is supported on two upright iron frames, known as 'trawl-heads' or 'irons.' The under side of the net is made with a deeply curved margin attached to the 'grinmd-rope,' the whole length of it in contact with the ground. A trawl has also generally two pockets, one on each side, made by lacing to- gether the upper and under parts, so that fish turning back from the cod may be caught in them. The meslies vary in size from four inches square at the mouth to an inch and a quarter square in the 'cod,' or narrow hinder end of the net. Two stout ropes about 15 fathoms long are fastened to the trawl-heads, and form a bridle, to which is shackled a towing-line 150 fathoms long. Trawding is generally in the direction of the tide, and can be followed with advantage only on a sandy bottom or other smooth ground. The vessels employed in trawling on the Dogger bank and elsewhere near the English coast vary in size from 35 to 60 tons. Many of these trawl- ers, however, stay out at sea for six Aveeks at a time in all seasons of the year, their fish being packed in ice, collected by fast-sailing cutters, and so conveyed to market. Cod, haddock, and similar fish are caught in great numbei's by trawling: and some kinds of flat fish, as soles, are scarcely to be obtained by any other means. Smaller trawl-nets than those above described are used in bays and estuaries. In the United States a 'tr.awl' is a long line anchored on the fishing gi'ound, from which de- pends a row of short lines carrying baited hooks. The device is principally used on the fishing- banks. See Deep-Sea Exploration ; Fisheries. TREACLE BIBLE. See Bible, CuRioua Editioxs of. TREACLE MUSTARD. See Erysimum. TREADMILL. A machine where the weight of men or animals acting on a series of treads or steps is employed to furnish power. The treads are so arranged on a cylinder or in an endless band that as a step is carried back under the weight of the operating man or animal, the latter is forced to move forward to the next in order to keep his footing. The most general application of this machine has been to farming machinery, where horses and dogs are used to supply the motive power. Such machines are employed for cutting hay or stalks, grinding and threshing grain, sawing wood, and in the case of the smaller machines for churning and similar light work. The endless band formed by the treads is inclined and is connected with a fly-wheel, to which the machinery to be operated is connected by belting. The term treadmill is most generally applied, however, to a device for carrying out a sentence of a prisoner to hard labor, which was formerly in general use in prisons in Great Britain. It consists of a wheel in the form of a long, hollow cylinder, with steps around its circumference and a hand rail above the wheel, so that a prisoner may support him- self while treading the steps and thus working the wheel. The proper resistance may be created by means of weights, or the motive power thus created may be utilized to grind grain, etc. The physical exercise is severe, and the use of this form of prison discipline has been generally abolished. The crank, a small wheel with paddles, which revolves in a box partially filled with sand or gravel, has been generally substi- tuted where unproductive hard labor is neces- sary. The number of revolutions of both a tread- wheel and a crank may be recorded by a dial, and a prisoner's labor thus regulated according to his physical condition. Neither device is in use in the United States.