Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/483

TRANSPORTATION. Journal de la Société de Statistique de Paris (1901-02):

The railway equipment, traffic, etc., of certain principal countries is shown in this table:

(Compiled for the United States from Interstate Commerce Commission Reports. For foreign countries, from various sources, chiefly the Archiv für Eisenbahnwesen, 1902.)

For further statistics and general discussion of this subject, see and .

. Van der Borght, Das Verkehrswesen (Leipzig, 1894); Lindsay, History of Merchant Shipping (4 vols., London, 1874-76); Hadley, Railroad Transportation (New York, 1886); Picard, Traité des chemins de fer (4 vols., Paris, 1887); Gotz, Die Verkehrswege im Dienste des Welthandels (Stuttgart, 1888); Van Oss, American Railroads as Investments (New York, 1893); Davis, The Union Pacific Railway (Chicago, 1894); Fry, History of North Atlantic Steam Navigation (London, 1890); Bibliographies in Borght, op. cit., and Publications of Stanford University, 1895 (Hopkins Railroad Library); Interstate Commerce Commission Reports (annual); Poor's Manual of Railroads (annual); Reports of the Commissioner of Navigation (annual); Archiv für Eisenbahnwesen; Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom; Statistisches Jahrbuch des Deutschen Reichs (annual); etc.  TRANSPORTATION,. Banishment from society in the form of exile, ostracism, or outlawry. The practice is well known among uncivilized peoples, and existed among the ancient nations and in mediæval Europe. In England, under a statute of Elizabeth (1597), ‘dangerous rogues’ might be banished by justices in quarter sessions, but no system of transportation can be said to have arisen till the time of Charles II., when justices were empowered to send certain offenders to America instead of inflicting the death penalty. In 1717 transportation was authorized as a substitute for other punishments than hanging, and the contract system, by which individuals agreed to transport convicts in return for their labor during the period of sentence, was established. The business was profitable at first, but became less and less so, until a payment had to be made for each criminal transported. Protests from America were frequent, but were unavailing. After 1776 a twofold system was developed. To meet the immediate need, hulks stationed in the Thames (later at Portsmouth and other places) were arranged to receive convicts; and though this was begun merely as a temporary expedient, it endured as a legalized