Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/47

* TAPESTRY. 29 established in 1615; this was called La Savoiine- rie, from the previous use of the buildings for the manufacture of soap. The Savonnerie and the Gobelin factories were both carried on with great spirit by successive sovereigns. They were formed into one establishment in 1S26, when the works of the Savonnerie were removed to the Gobelins. During the seventeenth century two other roj'al factories were established, one at Beauvais and one at Aubusson, and these factories are still maintained by the State. In 1019, during the reign of James I., tapestry looms were set up at llortlake, England, and during the following reign were under the direc- tion of the painter Francis Crane. Charles I. introduced skilled weavers from Belgium. This factory was closed in 1703. In 1872 another royal factory was established in England, this tune at Windsor, but it was closed in 1888. Two kinds of looms are used in making tapes- try: The high-warp vertical looms (haute lisse) and the low-warp horizontal looms (basse lisse). The former is the kind upon which the finest tapestries are woven and Is used exclu- sivel.y in the Gobelins. In the high-warp loom two uprights of wood or iron support two movable cylinders (etisouples), one at each end, on which the warp threads are stretched at will. The weaver works at the back of the loom, where the design is sketched on the warp tlireads. He places the cartoon behind him, using it to get the design and to match his colors. Occasionally he steps around to the front to get the effect on the right side. The threads are woven in and out like basketwork, a little patch of color at a time, the different colors being wound on dif- ferent spindles. Each distance must be traversed twice, as only alternate threads are cov- ered on the right side. Thus tapestry is a double cloth. ^Yhen the thread has been woven only one way it is called a lialf-pass; when it is turned and woven back the other way, completing the covering of the warp, it is called a icoof. When the weaver has finished using a given color he does not break the thread, but leaves the spindle hanging at the back till he shall require the same color again. It will readily be seen that in the vertical lines of a design, in weaving the colors, open slits will be left which must be afterwards sewed together. For this reason many of the Oriental tapestries h.ave no lines running in the direction of the warp, but only zigzags. On the low-warp looms the threads are moved by heddles. connected with treadles, leav- ing both hands free for the work. Hence the work can be done more rapidly : but it is not as satisfactory, since the workman can see it but imperfectly till it is completed. jlost tapestries are made of wool on cotton ■warp. Silk and gold and silver threads are also used to heighten the effect. The dyeing of the multitudes of tints required in this work is in itself an art renuiring no little skill. Consult: Muntz, Short TJistory of Tapestry, trans, by Davis (London, 1SS5) ; also Cole, Tapestry amd Embroidery (ib. 1888). TAPEWORM. Any worm of the group Cestoda, but popularly used for the T;?niid,'P or the Bothriocephalidfp. Nearly 200 species of ces- toid worms have been described, of which the majority fall into one of the two families just named. (See Cestoda.) These worms have no TAPEWORM. intestine, and are without cilia, but have testes and ovaries in each segment, together with fre- quent yolk-glands. They belong to the order Polyzoa or segmented individuals. They are all ^'^OOLCCDmEaiffl^ TAPEWORMS. 1. Tn?nia saginata; 2, segment of tienia solium (showing generative orf^ans): u, iiterua; f, testes; o, ovary; d.p.o., detached portions of ovary; y.g., yolk gland; s.g., shell gland; r.sew., reeeptaculnra seminis : v.d., vas deferens; g.p. genital papilla; do., cloaca; c.p., cirrhus pouch ; 3, lidded ova of Bothi-iocephalus latus. endoparasites, and secure nutrition from the di- gestive tract of the host in which they live, ab- sorbing digested food through their body walls. T.^NIA. A taenia consists of a scolex, or head, and detachable segments, or proglottids. Within the scolex is the brain; on the outer surface of the scolex are four sucking disks as well as a ring of hooks. Fixation is secured through the suckers and hooks. In each proglottid is an albumin gland ; and a uterus and a vas deferens end in openings on the side of the proglottid. New proglottids grow behind the head, by di- TAPEWORMS. a, head of Tipnia solium ; b. apical surface and circle of hool<s nf TiPDia .'solium ; r, hooks of Ttenia solium — larger, anterior; smaller, posterior. vision of its posterior part. The farther from the head, the larger is the proglottid. The distal proglottids separate from time to time and are excreted with the faeces of the host. But the head must be removed to secure freedom from the parasite.