Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/467

* TRAMP. 4II'J IRANI. of the various States have heen characterized hy a severity born of panic, a not uncommon penalty being twelve months' imprisonment, and in two States sale at public auction for a designated period. Contrar}' to the connnon impression, the tramp generally has learned and frequently prac- ticed a trade or profession — 57.4 per cent, of the 1340 mentioned above. The proportion of 'pro- fessionals.' or those who never work, is extremely small, their real weakness being chronic tendency to intcrmittency in work. This is fostered by their habits and niarilal condition, 03 per cent, of them being admitted drunkards, and 93 per cent, unmarried: and again by the conditions of industrial activit.v. the drunkard being employed only when he is indispensable and discharged, along with the unmarried man, when business slackens, witness the great rise in tramp popu- lation after 1873 and the fall after 1(101. The statistics seem to show that the surest way of correction lies in prevention. In England the ancient penalties against what we call tramping were very severe. In the reign of Edward VI. the punishment was branding on the breast with a V and two years' slavery. In 1.572 it was whipping for the first otfense, boring the ear with a hot iron for the second, and deatli for the third. A fine of ten times the dole was imposed on the person helping the va- grant. The vagrant may now be lodged in the casual ward of the Union (almshouse), where he must break stone or pick tow in payment. In Germany the most drastic modern measure against the prime vice of tramping, open men- dicancy, was that taken in Bavaria in 1790-95, under Count Rumford, where in four years 10.- 000 vagabonds were arrested. It proved effective. The number of tramps in Germany is unknown, but is sometimes set at 100.000. The tramp there is the lineal descendant of the old artisan wandering abroad to complete his knowledge of his craft. Beginning in 1854, when Professor Perthes, of Bonn, founded a cheap tavern for them, where no drink stronger than beer could be had, the mimber of these home refuges, Her- bcrgen c»r Hciinat. increased in 1901-02 to 402, a gain of 72 from 1892 to 1902, with an aggregate of paying guests for the year of 1.931.575 and of non-paying guests or those rendering an eqiiiv- alent in work of 759.057. For 108.505 of these situations were found. In more or less direct communication with the Uerhergen. in 240 in- stances luider the same roof, is, on one hand, a great netAvork of local establishments, Verpflefi- viifistntionrii. where lodging and a meal is fiir- nished in exchange for work, generally wood- chopping; or. if there is no separate building, an order is given for cheap entertainment at a local tavern. On the other hand is a chain of labor colonies, ArheUerlTilrinir». the first of which was estab- lished in 1882 at Wilhelmsdorf. in Westphalia, hy Pastor von Bodelschwingh. There are now 33 colonies, with a thirty-fourth allied branch, for Germans, in East London. It is noticeable that 26 of them were established between 1SS2 and 1892, a decade of especial industrial depression. The thirty-three colonies have accommodations ranging from 35 to 275, with a total of 3805. for men only, and with 3055 occupants (October 31, 1902), and an aggregate attendance from the be- ginning of 138,392. These work at their trades or otherwise until pcrnument places are found for theni, or they resume their travels. Four of theni are under Roman Catholic, one under Evan- gelical control; the rest are non-denominational. The English branch has room for 83 persons and has had 630 inmates since its establishment in 1900. The efiieicncy of the Cierman system, which depends on private initiative, has been much contested even in its own home. It seems to be, however, an earnest and intelligent at- tempt to do a difficult task that cannot safely be neglected. The French have experimented, under Paris municipal control, along the lines of the labor colony, at La Chalmelle, in the Department of JIarne. BiBLioGR.PHy. Josiah Flvnt, Tramping tcith Tramps (Kew York, 1809) ; "Wyckofr, The Work- ers (Xew York, 1897-98); JlcCook, "A Tramp Census and Its Revelations," in the Forum (Au- gust. 1893) ; id., "The Tramp Problem." in Pro- ceedings of the Conference of Charities and Cor- rections (1895), and Lend a Hand (September, 1895) ; id., "Tramps," a lecture, in the Boston Herald (1895); id., "Pauperism and Whisky," in Journal of the Social Science Association (1894) : id., "Leaves from a Tramp's Diary," in The Independent (1901-02). TRANCE (OF., Fr. transe, extreme fear, Sp., Port, trance, crisis, hour of death, from Lat. transitus, passage over, from transirc, to pass over, cross, from trans, across, through + ire, to go). A general term in psychology de- noting various forms of modified consciousness. The nature of the abnormal nervous conditions that constitute the physiological causes of trance is not clear. The psychological symptoms vary from seeming inanimation to a waking condition, though a manifestly abnormal one. of exagger- ated suggestibility in respect to some dominating idea. In general there is more or less insensi- bility to environment and to ordinary stimuli. What may be termed the waking trance is also characterized by extraordinary concentration or automatic mental action, while the automatic functions of the body are little interrupted. The thoughts of the subject are ordinarily fixed on one kind of idea, frequently religion. In trance- sleep, except in its protractedness and the les- sened sensibility to external stimuli, there ap- pears to be little abnormal. In tranee-coma these symptoms are more intense and respiration and circulation are feebler. In death-trance, except sometimes the inner dream-life, all animation ceases, including the action of heart and lungs. The thought, or dream, of trance is likely to be more sequential and coherent in character than that of normal sleep. Various pathological and psychopathic conditions are often called trance, such as deep and unusually protracted sleep, lethars^-. suspended animation, the hypnotic state, and altered personality. Consult: Charcot, Lecons siir Ics maladies dii systcme nerrnix (1883); JIantegazza. Eslaxi umane (1887); Preston. IJi/sferia and Allied Conditions (1897); and for an account of the so-called trance me- dium Jlrs. Piper, Proceedings of the Society for J'sj/rhical Research, xii.-xv. TRANI, trii'ne. A seaport in the Province of Bari delle Puglie. Italy. 27 miles by rail northwest of Bari (^lap: Italy, L fi). Its an- cient walls have given place to spacious boule-