Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/466

* TRAJAN. 408 TRAMP. building of new quays by Trajan. The single archway is 29 by 46 feet in dimension. TEAJAN, Baths of. Baths built by Trajan on portions of the remains of the Golden House of Nero in Rome. The scanty ruins are situated on the Appian. where some remains may be seen in the Villa Field. They adjoin the Baths of Titus (q.v. ). with which they were confused un- til 180n. on the northeast. The materials of the magnificent edifice were used in limekilns and in constructini; other buildings. TRAJAN, Forum of. An immense group of public buildings in ancient Rome, filling the space between the Capitoline and Quirinal Hills. It was named after its principal builder, the Emperor Trajan, and inchuied tlie forum proper, entered by the famous Arch of Trajan and con- taining his equestrian statue in bronze: the Basilica Ulpia : the celebrated Column of Trajan, in the midst of a cloistered court, where were also located the two Ulpian Libraries, one Greek, the other Latin : and the Temple of Trajan, built by Hadrian. See FonvM. TRAJAN'S COLUMN. A celebrated column at Rome, which was reared in a.d. 114. ostensibly by the Roman senate and people, in honor of the Emperor Trajan. The pedestal is covered with bas-reliefs of trophies of Dacian arms, and a very remarkable series of bas-reliefs, forming a spiral round the shaft, exhibits a continuous history of the military achievements of Trajan in his Da- cian wars. These are in excellent preservation, and, independently of their beauty as works of art, they are invaluable as records of ancient costume, military operations, and history. A spiral staircase in the interior of the col- umn leads to its summit. The height of the column proper, including base, shaft, and capital, but excluding the lofty pedestal (18 feet), is just 100 Roman feet (29..57 meters). It still stands erect in all its ancient beaut,r amid the ruins of Trajan's forum. The summit was crowned by a colossal statue of the Emperor, which was incongruously replaced (by Pope Sixtus v., in 1588) by one of Saint Peter. The ashes of Trajan, who died in the East, were said to have been deposited under this column in a golden vase, but no traces of such a burial have been found. Consult : Froh- ner. La colonnc Trajane (Paris, 1872-74): Ci- chorius. Die Reliefs der Trajanssiiule (Berlin, 1896 et seq.) : Reinach, La colonne Trajane au musde de t^aiiii-dcnnnin (Paris, 1896) : Peter- sen. Trajams dnlnxchr Kriege (Leipzig, 1901). TRAJAN'S WALL. A line of fortifications stretching across the Dobrudja from Czerna- voda, where the Danube bends northward, to a point of the Black Sea coast near Kustendje. It consists of a double, and in some places a triple line of ramparts of earth, from 8| to 11 feet in height on the average (though occasionally it attains an altitude of 19^0 feet), bounded along its north side by a valley, which, being generally marshy, serves admirably the purpose of a ditch. The construction of this rampart is attributed to Trajan, the general of the Emperor Valens, who in A.D. 377 endeavored bv this means to check the advance of the Visigoths. In 18.54 Trajan's wall became an important line of defense on the invasion of the Dobrudja by the Russians, and the invaders were twice defeated in their at- tempts to pass it — at Kostelli (April 10th) and Czcrnavoda (April 20th to 22d). TRAJECTORY (from Lat. trajicere, trans- jiccie. to throw across, from trans, across, tlirough, -|- jaccrc, to throw; connected with Gk. Uttthv, iuptcin, to throw). In mathe- matics, any plane curve which cuts at a constant angle a scries of plane curves of the same species having a common origin. If the constant angle is a right angle, the curve is called an orthogonal trajectory of the sj-stera. The question of such a curve was proposed by Johann Bernoulli (IGfll) in his Acta Eruditorum, and Newton (171C) laid the foundation for the theory of tra- jectories. For the history of the trajectory, con- sult Terquem, in the Xourellcs annates de inalhcmutiqnes (1845, p. 292). For the various classes, consult Brocard, Xotes de hihtiognqihie des coiirbes geomctriques (Bar-le-Duc, 1897, p. 277: partie complementaire, 1899, p. 181). TRAJECTORY (in gunnery). See Bal- listics. TRALEE'. A seaport of Ireland, the chief town of Coiuity Kerry, on the Lee, one mile from its mouth, and 207 miles west-southwest of Dub- lin (Map: Ireland, B 4), The town is well built and dates from the twelfth century. Popu- lation, about 9000, TRALLES, tral'lez. An ancient city of Lydia. in Asia ilinor. on the Eudon River, a northern branch of the Marauder, Its origin was ascribed to Argive and Thraciau settlers. It was a thriving commercial centre. Under the Seleu- cid;p it was known as Seleucia and Autiochia. TRAM, See Silk. TRAMP. The American equivalent of the English 'sturdy beggar' and 'vagrant.' His first statutory appearance was in 1876. in New Jersey, and he was soon recognized legally in 21 States. He is commonly defined as an able- bodied man without visible means of support, wandering aimlessly, begging, and refusing work, camping and kindling fires on highways and pri- vate propert.v. and terrorizing women and chil- dren. What really distinguishes him from the prosaic vagrant of other countries is his exten- sive use of the railways — stealing rides, or. in his argot, 'jumping trains.' The niuuber of tramps in the United States cannot be accurately given. The closest estimate is one based upon the re- sults of a statistical inquiry made in 1890-91, covering 1.349 tramps in 14 cities, and the semi- annual lodging-house census of the Massachusetts Board of Charity. This showed 45,845 tramps in the United States. The highest mark was reached in 1895, when JIassachusetts showed a mean dailv tramp population of 791. as against 451.4 in 1890, implying a total for the State of 2832, as against ](ilfi before, and of 79.427 for the United States. The mean has fallen, with but two slight intermissions, since, and in 1902- 03 was 369.0. sugcresting 1323 for Massachusetts and 38.630 for the T'nited States. This estimate assumes much, but may be accepted as a fair ap- proximation. The average cost of the tramp to the community is about .$4.40 a week, independent of his possible depredations : and although 83.5 per cent, of tramps say their health is good. 10 per cent, of them admit having had a dangerous contagious disease. There are no national repressive laws. Those