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* TRADING STAMPS. 406 TRAGOPAN. 'gift enterprises' as being a form of lottery. In New York such a statute was held unconstitu- tional on the ground that there was no element of chance in the scheme, and that the pro- hibition was an interference with legitimate trade. The United States court took a contrary view in passing on an act of Congress prohibiting gift enterprises in the District of Columbia. The court held that the statute was a valid exercise of the police power, on the ground that the trading stamp scheme by which the enterprise was conducted was a burden on both the mer- chants and purchaser^ of their goods. The as- sumption is that a merchant who buys the trad- ing stamps from some corporation introducing them will make up the amount he is thus com- pelled to pay either in the price of his goods or their quality, and tluis in the end the public are deceiveil into thinking that they are ob- taining something for nothing. An additional objection to the scheme advanced by the court was that the trading stamp companies profited by the fact that many persons did not present their stamps for the premiums offered. The decisions of the various States are not uniform on this question, the two views above presented illustrating the diversity of opinion. Yhere there is an element of chance as to the value of the article which a certain number of trading stamps may draw, the general view is that the scheme is akin to lottery, and illegal. See Lot- tery. TRADUCIANISM (from Lat. traducianus, from tradux, vine-liranch for propagation, from traducere, to lead along, train, propagate, from trans, across, through + dncere, to lead). One of the theories adopted for the purpose of ex- plaining the production of the soul in the pro- creation of human species. It is ascribed to Tertullian (q.v.) as its first author, and is elaborately explained and defended by him in his book 0)1 the Houl, written after he had lapsed into the Montanist heresy. In opposition to others who had held the theory of preexist- ence of souls, of which preexisting souls one is divinely infused, or, by some natural affinity, is attracted into each fretus as soon as it has been formed by generation in the procreation of man, Tertulliaii taught that souls are propagated by souls as bodies by bodies, and by the same or a simultaneous process. In another place he de- scribes this origin of soul from soul as genera- tion, and even of a class analogous to corporeal generation : and this more gross and material ex- position of the theory of traducianism is some- times called (lencralionism ; which, however, is commonly looked upon as a totally distinct the- ory, A third hypothesis to explain the origin of the soul is that of creationism (q.v,), TRAETTA, tr.a-et'ta. Tommaso (1727-79), An Italian composer, born at Bitonto. He stud- ied at the Conservatorio di Loreto. Naples (1738- 48), and in 1751 produced his first opera, Far- nace. in Naples. From 1765 to 1768 he was a director of a conservatory in Venice, and re- signed to become Court composer to Catharine II. at Saint Petersburg, His most important op- eras were Crrmnndo (1776) and Ippolito ed Aricia (1759), which gained for its composer a life pension from the King of Spain. His works were characterized by theatrical effectiveness and harmonic vigor. Consult Capruzzi, Traetta e la iHiinicii (Naples, 1878). TRAFALGAR, tra'fil-gar', or, more com- munly in Enylund, tra-fill'ger, Cape. A low promontory on the south coast of Spain, about 29 miles northwest of Tarifa (q.v,), at the west- ern entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is memorable for the great naval victory obtained otV its shores by the British fleet under Nelson over the combined fleets of France and Spain on Octo- ber 21. 1805. The allies had thirty-three ships, commanded by the French vice-admiral. Ville- neuve, while Nelson had twenty-seven, The British fleet was arranged in two columns. The first un- der Collingwood fell upon the rear of the allied fleet, commanded by the Spanish vice-admiral, Oravina. After a terrible contest, in which Nelson himself lost his life, the two British col- umns completely disorganized the hostile line. Eighteen ships were captured, and Napoleon's naval power was gone forever. For the impor- tant influence this victory had on the course of the Napoleonic wars, see Nelsox. Horatio; Napoleon I. Consult JIahan, Influence of Sea Poiccr on the French Itcrolution (Boston, 1892). TRAFALGAR SQUARE. A London square named in commemoration of the battle of Tra- falgar and containing the imposing granite col- umn in memory of Nelson, two fountains, and statues of Havelock, Napier, Gordon, and George IV. About it are the buildings of the National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery, Royal Hu- mane Society. Royal College of Physicians, and other public buildings. TRAF'TON, Mark (1810-1901). A Metho- dist Episcopal minister, born in Bangor, Me. He joined the Maine Conference 1831, but held most of his charges in the New England and Providence Conferences. In 1852, while serving his third term as pastor at Westfield. he was elected to represent his district in the Thirty- fourth Congress. He was a poet of no mean or- der. He published A Plea for Infant Baptism and Aflainst Exclusive Immersion (1846); Rambles iti Europe (1852) ; The Safe Investment (1856): Baptism. Subjects and Modes (1870); Scenes in M ;i Life (1877). TRAGACANTH. See GuMS. TRAGEDY. See Drama. TRAGIC POET, House of the. One of the most attractive houses of Pompeii, made famous as the home of CJlaucus in Bulwer's Last Days of Pompeii. The name was assigned through misconceiition of a painting discovered at the time of the excavation. It had two stories, and was richly decorated with paintings, among them the two best-known Pompeian paintings, ''The Nuptials of Zeus and Hera" and "The Sending .way of Briseis," both preserved in the Naples Museum, together with the noted mosaic of a dog with the motto "Cave Canem," originally in the Hour of the vestibule, TRAGOPAN (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. rpnyoc, traqos. goat + tlar. Pan. Pan), or Horned Pheasant, One of the crested pheasants of the genus Ceriornis, which have naked cheeks, a horn-like caruncle projecting backward from be- hind each eye. and a loose wattle, capable of be- ing inflated, hanging beneath the bill. Five species are kno.wn, all found in India and China.