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* TOWAGE. 381 TOWER BRIDGE. in general, it may be said that it must seem inevitable that the tug will be lost unless the tow is abandoned in order to justify that course. The charges for towage constitute a maritime lien upon the tow, which will follow it until paid. All questions of towage are governed by admiralty law. Consult the authorities referred to under Admiralty L.w. See Rules of the Road. TOWAN'DA. The county-seat of Bradford County. Pa., 80 miles northwest of Wilkesbarre, on the Susquehanna River, and on the Lehigh Valley Railroad (Map: Pennsylvania, E 2). It has the Susquehann.i Collegiate Institute and a puldic liln-ary. Towanda is the shipping centre of a rich farming section, but is primarily known for its industrial interests. There are a large to.y manufactory, furniture and shoe factories, a flour mill, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, etc. The government is vested in a burgess, chosen every three years, and a council. Towanda was settled in 1770, and was first in- corporated in 1828. Population, in 1800, 41G9; in 1900, 4663. TOWER (AS. tiir, from Lat. turris, Gk. ti^/jis, tyrris, rupo-is, tyrsis, tower). Generally, except in fortresses (see Fortification'), a building higher than its horizontal dimensions. The round towers of Ireland have been much dis- cussed, and various fantastic explanations have been given for their appearance in the island in considerable numbers. The round tower accompanying a church in the mountain re- gions of Spain, or in the flatlands of North- ern Italy, is admitted to be a bell-tower of an ancient type ; but those of Ireland have such small window-openings that it is evident that no pains were taken to let the sound of the bells reach the community outside. These towers are, moreover, very slender, high, and costl,v in com- parison with the very humble churches which stand near them ; and the soundest conclusion seems to be that they were intended partly as watch-towers, partly as places for the deposit of valuables in the case of sudden foravs. These round towers of Ireland are wholl.v without architectural effect. On the other hand, the Tower of Sant' Apollinare in Classe, near Ravenna, is an interesting architectural design, although it has lost its belfr.v stoiy: and that of Sant' Apollinare Xuovo, within the city, is one of the most beautiful towers in Italy. Each of these bell-towers is of circular plan. Another form of round tower worthy of special note is the minaret of the Mohammedan cities. See Minaret. In antiquity the tower was a rare thing, used onlv for defense, and occasionally for lighthouse purposes, though the form of those buildings is not accurately known. In the Far East the tower is associated with the double purpose of conunemoration and religious sacrifice, in such builds as the Stupa and Tope (q.v. ) of Southern Asia, and the Paoh-Tah or octagonal tower of China. The lofty wooden structures connected with the Buddhist temples of .Japan are, like the Indian and Chinese towers, emblem- atic and commemorative rather than useful in any way: they are the central and culminating feature of the temple-group and no more. (For the wide use of the tower in Jlohammedan archi- tecture, see Minaret.) In the Christian world, the tower appears in Italy at an early time, and in the Xorth at least as early as the eighth cen- tury. In the Xortli, at least, its obvious purpose of carrying large bells high above the roofs of neighboring buildings is complicated with a certain adaptation of the structure to purposes of defense against an enemy. In Italy the de- tached and separate tower (.see Campanile) held its own until the complete disappearance of niedi.Tval architecture in the fifteenth century ; but in the North it is found incorporated with the main structure of the Cliurch at a period at least as early as the eleventh ccntur,y. The tower generallv stands upon the ground, with its vertical lines easily seen from foundation to summit; and this remains true throughout the Middle Ages except for the central towers of the cruciform churches. These last-named towers are built over the open interior, and are sup- ported on four great arches or groups of arches, two of which span the nave, springing across the church from side to side, while two others con- tinue the wall of the nave longitudinally. The complete Gothic cathedral has at k'ast seven towers, two to the west front, four to the transept fronts, and one over the crossing. These towers all resemble one another in their appearance as seen from without. Throughout Italy the classic- ally designed churches are apt to retain their mediseval campanili. Consult Sutter, Turmhuch (Berlin, 1895). TOWER, tou'er, Charlemagne (1848—). An American capitalist and diplomat, born in Philadelphia. He was educated at Harvard. From 1882 to 1887 he was president of the Duluth and Iron Range Railroad and .managing director of the Minnesota Iron Company. He then removed to Philadelphia, where during the next ten years he was an officer in various im- portant corporations. He was United States ilinister to Austria-Hungary from 1897 to 1899, and was Ambassador to Russia from 1899 to 1902, when he replaced Andrew D. White (q.v.) as Ambassador to Germany. He published : The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revo- lution (2 vols., 1895) ; and Catalogue of a Col- lection of Aiiicriean Colonial Laws (1890). TOWER, Ze.lous Bates (1819-1900). An American soldier, born at Cohasset. Mass. He graduated with first honors at West Point in 1841 ; served under General Scott in the Mexican War; led the storming column at Contreras, and was wounded at Chapultepec. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was chief engineer in the de- fense of Fort Pickens. In Nnvemlier, 1861, he was made brigadier-general of volunteers, and on .ugust 30, 1862. was severel.v wounded at Manas- sas. After recovering he was superintendent of West Point from Jul.v until September, 1864. He then became chief engineer of the defenses of Nashville. Tenn., and his skillful work at that jilace contributed to the total defeat of General Hood in December. 1864. He was brevetted major-general in the United States Arm.v in March, 1865, and in November of that year be- came lieutenant-colonel in the engineer corps. He was promoted colonel in Januarj', 1874, and retired in 1883. TOWER BRIDGE. A drawbridge spanning the Thames just below the Tower of London, opened in 1894. The carriageway, at a height of 29'^j feet, consists of two approaclies of 270