Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/435

* TOURCOING. 377 TOURNAMENT. France. There are manufactories of velvet pile carpets, ■novcn goods, and furniture stulfs, also cotton, linen, and silk mills, dye works, machine shops, and a sugar refinery. Population, in 1S91, 65,477; in 1901, 79,243. TOURGEE, tor>r-zlia'. Ai.nios Wixegar ( 1S3S- 100.")). An American novelist, born in Williams- field, Ohio. He graduated from the University of Rochester, N. Y., in 18U'2, receiving his degree while serving in the Federal Army. He had been wounded at Bull Run, and was discharged, but reentered tlie service, only to be taken prisoner at the battle of Murfrecsboro, Tenn. Immedi- ately after the war he became an editor and took up the practice of law at Greensboro, N. C. From 1808. to 1875 he was judge of the Superior Court of North Carolina, and was later ( 1881- 84) editor of The Continent at Philadelphia. He was appointed United States consul at Bor- deaux in 1897 and was transferred to Halifax in 1903. His numerous novels were founded chiefly on his experience in the South during the Recon- struction period. The list includes: Toinette (1874); A Fool's Errand — perhaps his best- known work (1879); Bricks Withoxit Straw (1880); John Eax and Mamelon (1882); Hot Plowshares (1883) ; An Appeal to Cwsar (1884) ; Black Ice (1888); Button's Inn (1887); With Gauge and Sicalloiv (1889) ; Letters to a King (1889) ; Pactolus Prime (1890) ; Murvale East- man, Christian Socialist (1890) ; Out of the Sun- set Lea (1892) ; An Outing tcith the Queen of Hearts (1894); The War of the Standards (1896); and The Mortgage on the Hip-Roof House (1896). Tourg^e also wrote legal books, North Carolina Code of Civil Procedure (1878), and A Digest of Cited Cases (1879). TOURMALINE (Fr. tourmaline, from Sin- ghalese tournanial, turamali, tourmaline). A complex aluminum boro-silicate, containing also chromium, iron, magnesium, and the alkalies. It crystallizes in the hexagonal sj'stem. Accord- ing to composition, several varieties are dis- tinguished, as chromium tourmaline, iron tour- maline, lithium tourmaline, magnesium tourma- line, and magnesium-iron tourmaline. It has a vitreous lustre, may be either transparent or opaque, and may be colorless as well as blue, green, red, brown, and black. Some crystals are red internally and green externally, and still others are red at one extremity and green, blue, or black at the other. Tourmaline is the most dichroitic of all gems. The mineral is usually foimd in granite, gneiss, or mica schist. It occurs also in dolomite, granular limestone, and in certain con- tact rocks near dikes of igneous rocks; also in rolled pebbles in alluvial deposits. The white or colorless tourmalines are called nchroite. the black varieties aphrisite and schorl, while those of va- rious shades of blue are known as indicoUte, the red varieties as ruhellite, and the green trans- parent specimens from Brazil are known as Brazilian emeralds. The colored crystallized va- rieties of tourmaline, when transparent, are high- ly prized as gem-stones. They are found in Burma, Ceylon, and India, in the Urals, the Harz. and Brazil, while in the United States splendid specimens occur in Maine, especially near Paris, also in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and California. Consult Hamlin, The Tourmaline (Boston, 1873). TOUKNACHON, tlSTr'na'shoN', Fklix (1820 — ). . I'rcnch avitlior, artist, and aeronaut, bet- ter known under the pseudonym Nadar. He was born in Paris; studied medicine at Lyons; and returned to Paris as a journalist. In 1849 he founded the Ifcvue comique, and in 18.54 pub- lished Lc Panlheon-'Nadar, a gallery of contem- porary celebrities. He soon afterwards engaged in experiments in aerial navigation, and con- structed Le ilcant, the largest balloon hitherto made. In it he made a number of ascensions, and was once carried as far as Hanover. During the siege of Paris by the Prussians he made use of his knowledge as an aeronaut to carry informa- tion to the outside country, and conunanded the company of aeronauts of the Place Saint-Pierre, Montmartre. Among his numerous published works are: La robe de D^janire (1841; 2d ed., 1859) ; Quand j'ctais ctujiant (1857) : .1/ ('moires du Gcant (1864) ; Le droit au vol (1865) ; Les ballons en lS"iO (1871) ; and Le monde o-ii Von patauge (1883). TOURNAMENT (OF. tournoyement, tour- noicment, from tournoier, to joust, tilt, tourney, wheel about, from tourner, to turn, from Lat. tornare, to turn in a lathe, from tornus, from Gk. rdpvoc, compasses, carpenter's chisel ; con- nected with Tiipeiv, teirein, to pierce, Lat. terere, OChurch Slav, triiti, Lith. triti, to rub). A knightly sport of the Middle Ages, in which combatants engaged one another with the object of exhibiting their courage, prowess, and skill in the use of arms. It existed first probably in France, whence it spread to Germany and Eng- land, and afterwards to the south of Europe. A tournament was usually held on the invitation of some prince, who sent a king-of-arms or herald through his own dominions and to foreign courts. The intending combatants hung up their armorial shields on the trees, tents, and pavilions around the arena for inspection, to show that they were worthy candidates for the honor of contending in the list in respect of birth, military prowess, and character. The combat took place on horse- back, or at least was always begun on horseback, though the combatants who had been dismounted frequently continued it on foot. The usual arms were blunted lances or swords ; but the ordinary arms of warfare, called arms a I'outrancc. were sometimes used by cavaliers who were ambitious of special distinction. The prize was bestowed by the lady of the tournament on the knight to whom it had been adjudged, he reverently ap- proaching her, and saluting her and her two attendants. The period when tournaments were most in vogue comprised the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries; and the place where the most celebrated English tournaments were held was the tilt-yard near Saint James's, Smithfield, London. The Church at first dis- countenanced tournaments, some of its decrees prohibiting persons from engaging in them under pain of excommunication, and denying Christian burial to a combatant who lost his life in one. The Church seems, however, to have looked with more favor on these combats after the middle of the thirteenth century. During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries tournaments continued to be held, but the alteration in the social life and warfare of Europe had changed their character, and they are rather to be regarded as state pageants than as real combats. The death of