Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/399

* TONNA. 345 TONSURE. lish writer. She began lier literary career in Ire- land, writing under the pseudonym of "Charlotte Elizabeth." Her works were largelj' of a re- ligious nature and evinced considerable hostility toward the Catholic Church. She was connected with various magazines and wrote numerous religious tracts, novels, poems, and short stories for children. Consult Worlis of Charlotte Eliza- beth, with an introduction by H. B. Stowe (Ttli ed.. New York, 1849). TONNAGE (formerly also tunnage, from Uiii, tun, from OF. tonne, pipe, tun, ML. tunna, OHG. tumui, Ger. Tonne, tun, both the Romance and the Germanic words apparently borrowed from Ir., Gael. (»)i«a, tun). The tonnage of a ship is its carrying capacity or weight expressed in tons. There are in ordinary use four ways of expressing it, grosa tonnage, net tonnage, dead- iceight tonnage (or dead weight carrying capa- city), and displacement (q.v.) tonnage. The gross tonnage of a ship is ascertained by dividing by 100 the whole interior capacity (expressed in cubic feet) of the hull of a ship and her inclosed deckhouses; this method presumes that an aver- age cargo of light-weight freight will require not far from 100 cubic feet for each ton of actual weight. i'e( tonnage is derived from the grons ton- nage by deducting the capacity of all spaces not used, or capable of being used, for cargo or passen- gers. The drad-iccight tonnage is the actual weight of cargo a vessel can carry without innnersing her too deeply for safety. Displacement tonnage is the weight of ship and cargo or contents when immersed to some fixed depth. In freighting ships 40 cubic feet of merchandise is considered a ton; but if that bulk exceeds 2240 pounds (or, in the United States, frequently 2000 pounds) the charge is made by weight. See articles on Dl.S- PL.CEMENT; LOAD-LIXE JIaRKS OF VESSELS; jSIeasurement of Ships; and Shipbuilding. TONNAGE and POUNDAGE. Certain du- ties on wine and other merchandise, which began to be levied in England in the reign of Edward III. They were at first granted to the Crown by the vote of Parliament for a limited number of years, and renewed on their expiration. Originally fluctuating in amount, tonnage and poundage came to be fix^ at 3s. on every tun of wine, and 5 per cent, on all goods imported. In the reign of Henry V. they were first conferred on the King for life; and the same course being followed with his successors, the sovereign began gradually to consider them as his proper right and inheritance, and the vote of Parliament as but a formality ex- pressive of the popular recognition of his preroga- tive. It was usual to levy these duties during the period intervening between a sovereign's accession and his first Parliament, and this was done by Charles I. as by his predecessors. The Commons, however, in Charles's first Parliament accorded these imposts not for life, but for a year only; and the House of Lords objecting to this departure from previous usages, and rejecting the bill, an attempt was made to evy tonnage and poundage by the royal authority alone, a proceeding which aroused the opposition of the Commons. Charles was, in 1020, induced to pass an act renouncing the power of levying these or any other imposts without Parliamentary sanction. On the restora- tion, Charles IL obtained a grant of tonnage and poundage for life ; but by three several statutes of Anne and George I. these imposts were made perpetual a)id mortgaged for the public debt. The duties were abolished in 1787. TONOM'ETEB, (from Gk. roi'oc, tonos, tone, sound, tension, strength, cord, fxirimv, metron, measure). An instrument for measuring ten- sion, as of the eyeball or of the blood pressure as • transmitted by the ventricles of the heart. Ha- uler's tonometer consists of a tube of metal, with a peg or small rod projecting and so arranged that a coiled watchspring matches its tension against the tension of the body to which the peg is pressed. Roy's tonometer consists of a tube containing oil in which a cylinder plays, carry- ing a registering inde.x. TONQUIN, ton-ken'. A division of French Indo-China. See ToNGKiNti. TONSBERG, tens'biir-y'. One of the oldest towns of Norway, in the Amt of .larlsberg and Laurvik, on a fjord of the same name, 45 miles south of Cliristiania (ilap: Norwa}', D 7). The seal and whale fisheries employ a large proportion of its male population, with a fleet of some 120 vessels. Population, in 1900, 8620. TONSIL. One of a pair of small ovoid bodies situated between the pillars of the soft palate, one on each side of the throat, corresponding in position with the angles of the lower jaw. The tonsil has about twelve spaces within its sub- stance from which smaller follicular depressions extend into its structure, and is classed with the ductless glands. It is frequently inflamed after infection by entrance of germs into the crj'pts and follicles described. Severe suppurative dis- ease about the tonsil causing swelling and dis- placement of it is termed Quinsy ( q.v. ). See Palate. TONSILLITIS. See Pharyngitis; Qdinsy. TON'SON, Jacob (c.1656-1736). A famous London publisher. He opened his shop at the Judge's Head in Chancer}' Lane, near Fleet Street, in 1678. Toward the close of the century he moved to Gray's Inn Gate, taking into company with him his nephew, Jacob Tonson, and in 1710 to the Shakespeare's Head in the Strand. For Dryden Tonson published several plays, the trans- lation of Vergil (1697), and The Fables (1699). He was also helped by Dryden to start the famous M iscclhmies, of which the first appeared in 1684. With this prestige he became the popular pub- lisher among the next generation of authors. He bought out the rights in Milton's Paradise Lost, and from his press issued Rowe's edition of Shakespeare (1709). About 1700 he joined in forming the. famous Kit-Cat Club, of which he was made secretary. About 1703 he bought a house at Barn Elms on the Thames, and built a room for the club. TONSURE (Lat. tonsura,' a .shearing, from tondere, to shear, connected with Gk. rivdew^ tendein, to gnaw, refiveiv, trmnein, to cut). A religious observance of the Roman Catholic and Oriental churches, which consists in shaving or cutting the hair as a sign of the dedication of the person to the special service of God and com- monly to the public ministry of religion. It would appear that the usage first arose in refer- ence to the monastic rather than the clerical life. Paulinus of Nola. in the end of the fourth or be- ginning of the fifth century, alludes to it as then