Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/398

* TONIC SOL-FA. 344 TONNA. spaces is dispensed with. Jean Jacques Rousseau suggested, but afterwards discarded, a notation where the notes of the scale were indicated by the Arabic numerals. A system siniihir to Rousseau's in its leading features, called tlie tonic sol-fa. has, through the influence of its principal promoter, the Rev. John Curwen (who obtained his main principles from the writings and practice of Miss Glover of Norwich), been brought into use to a considerable e.xtent in singing schools in England. It proceeds on the principle of giving the chief- prominence to the fact that there is in reality but one scale in music, which is raised or low- ered according to the pitch of the key. This method is a revival of the old solmization system invented by Guido d'Arezzo. It admits, however, the interval of the seventh, strictly excluded by Guido. For the complicated music of modern masters the tonic sol-fa is as inadequate as the solmization system of Guido had been found. It also favors the system of unequal temperament, and this is directly opposed to the fundamental principle of equal temperament, without which the achievements of modern music would have been impossible. It is, however, of undoubted value as an educational system, since it can be taught more quickly and with better immediate results than the usual notation. TONK. A native Rajputana State in Central India. Area, 1114 sq. miles. Population, in 1901, 143,330. Capital, Tonk. TONK. The capital of the native Rajputana State of Tonk, Central India, near the river Banas, 55 miles south of Jaipur (Map: India, C 3 ). It is defended by a mud fort and a wall. Population, in 1801, 40,069; in 1901, 38,641, the great decrease being largely attributable to the famines of 1896-97 and 1899-1900. TONKA, tonlia. The Chinese name of Pu- ket (q.v.). TONKAWA, tong-ka'wa (from Hueco In- dian tonkaweya, many staying together). A peculiar tribe, apparently constituting a distinct linguistic stock, originally occupying the coun- try about the Lower Colorado and Guadalupe rivers in southeastern Texas. They call them- selves Titskan-ii-atich, 'indigenous men.' They were chiefly noted for their cannibalism. They roved from place to place, built circular, thatched houses, lived entirely by hunting and wild fruits, and were at war with almost all their neighbors, by whom they were hated and despised as 'man- eaters.' They appear to have had the elan sys- tem and to have paid special reverence to the wolf, whom, it is said, they claimed as their an- cestor or teacher. According to their tradition they came from the south, somewhere farther down the coast, having been cut off from the rest of their people by an invasion of the sea. In 1760 some of them were attached to the San Antonio missions. In 1849 they were reported to number 600 or 700, who had been driven to the Upper Brazos on account of their depredations among the American settlements near the coast. In the fall of 1855, with several other small Texas tribes, a part of them, to the number of 170, were gathered upon S. reservation on the Brazos, a few miles below Fort Belknap, but they w-ere re- moved in 1859 to a new reservation on the Wash- ita, near the present Anadarko, Oklahoma. Here they remained until the outbreak of the Civil War, when, on the pretext that they were about to enter the Confederate service through the per- suasions of their agent, who held a Confederate commission, the other tribes took the opportunity to wipe out old scores. With guns procured from Fort Gibson a force of about 200 Shawnee, Dela- ware, Caddo, and other Indians attacked the agency and the neighboring Tonkawa village near Anadarko on the night of October '25, 18(i2, and killed one or two of the agency employees and 137 out of a total of about 320 Tonkawa men. women, and children. The Tonkawa made a stout resist- ance and inflicted severe loss upon the enemy. The fugitive survivors were gathered up by the Con- federate authorities, and for several, years after the war led a vagrant existence in northern Texas, most of the men enlisting as scouts against the Comanche, Kiowa, and other wild tribes, who took every occasion to retaliate, and forced the Tonkawa to keep close to Fort Griffin on the Brazos for protection. In 1875 they were reported to number but 119, in a miserable condition and dependent entirely on the pay of the able-bodied men serving as scouts. In 1882 they were put in charge of a special agent who reported them as numbering then only 98. indolent, poor, honest, and tolerably healthy, living in brush shelters and dependent U|)On the whites. Two years after- wards they were removed to a reservation in' northern Oklahoma. In 1903 they were reduced to about 50, and derived their principal income from the leasing of their surplus lands. TONKUNSTLER-SOCIETAT. One of the oldest musical societies of Vienna. It was founded in 1771 by F. L. Gassmann. Its object is tlie production of large choral works, particu- larly oratorios. The original chorus consisted of 400 members, which at times wa,s increased to 700. One concert was given in Lent and another in Advent. The proceeds were devoted to the establishment of a pension fund for old members and widows of members. In 1797 Wranitzky, the friend of Haydn, reorganized the society. Haj'dn himself became a member and presented to the society the rights of the "Seasons" and "Creation," which generous gift placed the so- ciety tipon a sound financial basis and was large- ly responsible for its subsequent prosperity. In 1865 the society was once more reorganized and renamed in honor of its generous jiatron "Haydn-Societat." Consult Hanslick, Ocscliichte des Konzertwesens in Wien (Vienna, 1869). TONLE SAP, or T.le Sap. A lake of north- western Cambodia, connected with the Mekong by an arm of that river known also as Tonle Sap (Map: French Indo-China. E 4). The lake acts as a great reservoir. During the sunnner mon- soon the waters of the Mekong back up through the arm Tonle Sap. bringing the length of the lake to about 120 miles; during the dry season the lake is drained, by the same arm. to about 70 miles in lengtli. During high water navi- gation is maintained from Saigon to Battambang in Siam. Approaching shores divide the lake into sections, the Caman Dai in the northwest and the Caman Tieu in the southeast. TONNA, Charlotte Elizakktii (Browne) I 1790-1S46). An Englisliautlior born at Norwich. She was twice married, first to a Captain Phelan and after his death to Lewis H. .J. Tonna, an Ens-