Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/397

* TONGTJEv 343 TONIC SOL-FA. two groups — viz. the extrinsic muscles, which at- tach the tongue to certain fixed points external to it, and move it on them, and the intrinsic muscles, which pass from one part of the tongue to another, constitute its chief bulk, and move it on itself. These intrinsic muscular fibres run ver- tically, transverselj-, and longitudinally, and are Secondary PapiSa ConJ£alPafjiUai EpWieliiurty BECTION 8H0WIKG STRUCTUKE AND ARRANGEMENT OF PAP1LL.E. so interlaced as mutually to support one another, and to act with the greatest advantage. By the action of the various muscles, the upper surface of the tongue may be made concave or convex, or may be pressed against the root of the mouth ; the tip may be protruded straight out or later- ally, upward and downward, and to any recess (as for instance, a hollow tooth) within the mouth where food might lodge; and the whole or- gan may be drawn back. The nerve supply to the tongue is n.otor and sensory. The motor nerve is the hypoglossal. The sensory nerves are the lingual (or gustatory) branch of the fifth, which confers sensibility on the mucous membrane of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; the lin- gual branch of the glosso-pharyngeal, which con- fers ordinary sensibility and the sense of taste on VERTICAL SECTION THROTJOH A TASTE BTJD. the posterior third of the tongue; the chorda tympani, which is the special nerve of taste for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The functions of the tongue are gustation, pre- hension (in man and monkeys this function is supplied by the hand), mastication, insalivation, deglutition, and speech; to which may be added spitting and whistling, and in the case of the Gasteropoda, trituration of the food. The tongvie is subject to several diseases, among which may be mentioned: Glossitis, or inflamma- tion of the tongue, tuberculosis, and syphilis; new growths, usually malignant in nature; cer- tain affections which the mucous membrane of the tongue shares with the skin, such as herpes, lichen, and leucopathia. It is also subject to ex- coriations, ulcers, and fissures. Maci-o-(ilossia is a term applied to certain chronically enlarged conditions of the tongue. It is a condition often found in cretins and is probably due in this case to alymphangioma. Hypertrophy and also cancer may attack the tongue. TON'IC (from Gk. rovt/tiSc, tonikos, relating to tone, from rcSrof, tmios, tone, sound, tension, strength, cord). A medicine which acts upon the nutrition of the various tissues so as to re- store lost tone, not by increasing their contractil- ity, but by increasing their power. They are to a certain degree stimulant, but their effect is more permanent, and without producing excitation or elation. They do not rouse forces existing, but by increasing nutrition increase power. Most tonics act primarily through the nervous system, their effects upon the muscular system being Sec- ondary. They are of special value during conva- lescence, but are useless, if not harmful, during inflammatory reaction. Among the tonics in the materia mcdica are the simple 'bitters, including quassia, simaruba, gentian, neetandra, barberry, calumba, boneset, goldthread, centaury, dogAvood, and salicin; the peculiar bitters, including wild efierry, cinchona, quinine, and picric acid; the aromatic bitters, including chamomile, snakeroot, cascarilla, and angostura; the true aromatics, in- cluding cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, allspice, carda- mom, ginger, black pepper, red pepper, cajeput, and eucalyptus; and the niineral tonics, includ- ing iron, sulphiiric acid, nuiriatic acid, nitric acid, nitronmriatie acid, lactic acid, and phos- phorus. Host of these drugs are considered under their own titles. Digestive power is increased principally by the bitters, the aromatics, and the acids. Nutrition is improved especially by iron. Besides drugs, baths and massage are valuable adjutants in acquiring strength and vigor. Shower baths, cold sponge baths, sea bathing, and out-of-door exercise are very decided tonics. TONIC, or Keynote. In music, the note which forms the basis of any scale or key, and on which a piece of music written in that key natu- rally closes. The tendency of modem harmony is to conceive the tonic not as a single tone, but as a triad built upon that tone. See ICey; Tonal- ity. TONICA, tu-ne'ka, or TUNICA. A peculiar tribe, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, who lived, when first known to the French, about 1700, on the Lower Yazoo River in Mississippi, near its junction with the Mississippi, where a mission was establislied among them. Probably at an earlier period they had lived at the Tunica Old Fields in the county bearing their name in the northwest- ern corner of the same State. They made a close alliance with the French, but were hostile to most of their Indian neighbors, particularly the Chick- asaw, and in 1706 nearly exterminated the Huma in a massacre near New Orleans. Subse- quently they removed to a location on the east bank of the Mississippi, about opposite Pointe Coupop, below Red River, where they -still lived in 1S02, having then 120 men. In 1817 they were settled aliout 00 miles up Red River, where the remnant, of about 25 persnn.s, was found near Marksville, Louisiana, in 1886 by Gatschet, who obtained the first vocabulary of their language. TONIC SOL-FA. Various attempts have been made at different times to introduce a musi- cal notation in which the staff with its lines and