Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/396

* TONGKING. 342 TONGTJK The population of Tongking is estimated at 7,000,000. The race is Annamese. Besides these, who dwell largely in the delta region, and who are taller and darker than their kindred in Cochin-Chiua and Annam, the interior con- tains a number of more or less primitive peo- ples, such as the Thos (q.v. ) of the Claire River basin, the Muongs (q.v.) of the Black River valley, and others who belong to the Thai (q.v.). The Chinese number upward of 35,000. Several hundred thousand of the inhabitants profess Catholicism. Tongking was an independent State before it came under the control of Annam in 1802. In 1873 the first military expedition of the French was sent into the territory, but liy agreement the next year they retired. In 1882 the French Government, having conceived the design of securing the delta of the Red River for French commerce, sent an expedition against the predatory Black Flags, a Chinese soldiery, representing a remnant of the Taiping rebels. The French sailed up the Red River and occupied the citadel of Hanoi. Annam lent her support to the Black Flags, whereupon in August, 1883, the French lleet under Courbet bombarded Hue and compelled Annam to accept a French pro- tectorate and to allow France to prosecute her designs with regard to Tongking. The French pushed their operations with success, but soon had to face a war with China, to whose suzer- ainty Annam was still nominally subject. This conflict, which lasted a year (1884-85), left France in virtual possession of Tongking. In 1887 Tongking was made a part of French Indo-China. Consult: Imbert, Le Tonkin industriel et conimer- .cial (Paris, 1885); Millot, Le Tonkin (ib., 1888) ; Petit, Le Tonkin (ib., 1892) ; Mat Gioi, Le Tonkin actuel 1S70-00 (ib.. 1891): Pinabel, Sur quelques pennies sauvages dependants du Tonkin (ib., 1884) ; Holquard, Une campagne au Tonkin (ib., 1892). TONGKING, Gulf of. An arm of the China Sea extending northward between French Indo- China on the west and the Chinese island of Hainan together with a peninsula of the Prov- ince of Kwang-tung on the east (Map: China, C 8). It is 150 miles wide and 300 miles long, and receives the Red River. Its depth is every- where less than 300 feet. TONGUE (AS. tunge, Goth, tuggo, OHG. sunga, Ger. Zunge, tongue: connected with OLat. dingua, Lat. lingua, tongue). A sym- metrical muscular organ, extending from the hyoid bone forward and downward, to the lips in front, and occupying the buccal cavity. The superior surface, borders, and anterior third of the inferior surface are free; while the remaining parts are attached to adjacent parts by the in- vesting mucous memlirane and subjacent struc- tures. At certain points this membrane, on leav- ing the tongue, forms distinct folds, containing fibrous or muscular tissue, which act to a cer- tain extent as ligaments of the tongue. The most considerable of these folds is termed the frcenwm (or bridle) of the tongue, and connects its ante- rior free extremity with the lower jaw. It acts as a strong ligament, and limits the backward move- ment of the tip of the tongue. In rare cases this ligament extends abnormally to the tip, so as to interfere with speech and mastication, and the child is said to be tmigue-tied; recourse must be then had to division of the fricnum, popularly known as cutting the tongue. Other folds of mucous membrane (the glusso-cpigloltid folds) pass from the base of the tongue to the epiglottis ; while from the sides of the base, passing to the soft palate, are seen two folds on either side. CiramnallateX Fti/igi/orm FapiUa.y' ConicalRptUa, ^'^-^-,^:i^Jijii/Ae of Tongue HUMAK TONGUE. known as the pillars of the fauces. ( See Paiate). The superior surface of the tongue is divided into two s^'mmetrical lateral parts by a median lon- gitudinal furrow beginning at the tip, and ex- tending back about two-thirds of the tongue's length. The various kinds of papillte which are seen on their surface are described in the article TasteBud IptiheliLLni, ' Conum RipiaobVaUacta, SecondcaylbpUla, 4i_i_MI Serous Olands SECTION THROUGH A PAPILLA VALLATA. Taste. At the back of the surface, just be- hind the eircumvallate papillae, are large rau- cous glands, extending into long and capacious canals, and lielping to secrete the fluid that moistens the tongue. On the inferior surface, the longitudinal furrow, which extends from the tip to the fra^num, is deeper than on the upper surface; on each side of it veins are seen running forward; and immediately beneath the tip is a cluster of mucous glands, known as the glands of Nuck (their discoverer in 1090). The posterior extrcmitg, or iase, is flattened and extended laterally before it is inserted into the hyoid hone (knom also as the lingual or tongue hone), which, with certain ligaments, must be re- garded as the basis or framework of the tongue. The muscles of the tongue are usually divided into