Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/393

* TOMPKINS. 339 TONALITY. on hig personal security. It was on liis recom- mendation made in Lis last message to the Legis- lature in January, 1S17, that the New York Legislature passed a law decreeing that all slaves should be free on and after July 4, 18'37. Throughout both of Monroe's temis in the Pres- idency (1817-25) Tompkins was Vice-President of the United States. TOMP'SON, Benjamin (1G42-17U). An early Aiiiericau poet, born at Braintrec, Mass. He was educated at Harvard College and became a school teacher in Cambridge. He is known by his poem on King Philip's War, A'cm; England's Crisis (1675). TOM'S. A former London coffee-house in Covent Garden, a fashionable resort, and the headquarters of a club founded in 1764, which among its 700 members included many noted names of the day. Tom's was taken down in 1865. TOMSK, tunisk. A L;overument of Western Si- beria, bounded by Tobolsk and Yeniseisk on the nortliwest aud the northeast, respectively, Y'eni- seisk and the Chinese Empire (Jlongolia and Sungaria) on the east, the Territory of Semi- palatinsk on the south, and Tobolsk on the west (Map: Asia, H 3). Area, about 331,- 159 square miles. The southern and soutli- eastcrn parts belong to the region of the Altai Mountains, and contain many snow- clad peaks, some of them 11,000 feet high. The Kuznetzky Alatau, along the eastern frontier, is densely wooded and rises to about 0000 feet. The remainder of the region is mostly low and con- sists of vast densely wooded marshes and open steppes. The region is watered mainly Ijy the Obi (q.v.) and its tributaries, including the Irtysh (q.v.). Lakes are numerous and some of them are salty. The climate is severe and un- healthful in the lowlands. In spite of the abun- dance of the mineral deposits of the Altai Moun- tains, the mining industry is poorly developed. Agriculture is the principal occupation and the output of cereals is far above the local demand. Stock-raising is also an extensive industry. Man- ufactures are undeveloped, but the trade with Mongolia is on the increase and there is consider- able navigation on the Obi. The trade with European Russia also .shows an increase since the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population, in 1897. 1.929,092. of whom the na- tives (Tatars. Samoyeds. Ostiaks. etc.) num- bered only about 67,500, the remainder being Rus- sians. The immigration to Tomsk has latterly been verv heavy. The number of immigrants for the decade is88-98 was over 227,000. TOMSK. The capital of the Siberian Gov- ernment of Tomsk and the intellectual centre of Siberia, situated on the Tom, a tributary of the Obi, and connected by a short line of 54 miles with the Trans-Siberian Railway (Map: Asia, H 3). It is one of the iinest cities of Silieria, with electric lighting and street railways, but without an adequate water supply and unsatis- factory in its sanitary arrangements. The uni- versity, established in ISSS. has two faculties of medicine and law. 540 students, and a library of 200.000 volumes. The commerce is very exten- sive. Tomsk being one of the chief distributing centres of Siberia. The town was founded in 1604. Population, in 1900, 63,335. TOMS RIVER. The county-seat of Ocean Comity, N. J., 35 miles southeast of Trenton ; on Toms River and on the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey (ilap: New .Jersey, D 4). It is known as a summer resort. Farming, especially the cultivation of cranberries, fishing and oyster planting, lumber- ing, and yacht-building arc the leading industries. Population, in 1900, about 1850. Early in the Revolutionary War important salt works were established here, and a small blockhouse was built to protect them. On March 24, 1782, this blockhouse, then occupied by Captain Josliua Iluddy and 25 men, was attacked b' a much larger force of Loyalists under Captain Evan Thomas and Lieutenant Owen Roberts, and was captured after a stubborn conflict. Immediately afterwards the village itself was totally de- stroyed. Consult a pamphlet by Striker, The Capture of the Old Blockhouse at Toms River, New Jerseij (Trenton, 1883). TOM THUMB. See Stkatton, Chakles SUEKWOOD. TOM-TOM. See Tam-Tam. TON. See Weights aud Measures. TONALITY (from tonal, from tone, OF. ton, from Lat. tonus, from Gk. rtiraf, tone, sound, tension, strength, cord, from rciveiv, teinein, Lat. tendere, Skt. tan, to stretch). In music, the grouping of certain chords around a central tonic chord. The principle rests upon the relationship which various chords bear to one another. Briefly stated, a tone is related in the first degree to all tones forming conso- nant intervals v;ith it; in the second degree to all tones forming dissonant intervals with it. Thus we can establish the relationship of D to C by means of the chord of the dominant seventli d-fS-a-c, which is the dominant of G major, ivhich, in turn, is the dominant of C major. The relationship of single tones becomes in- telligible only through the agency of chords. It is sufficient to recognize only two degrees. Since, when considering the relationship of chords, each chord is considered a tonic chord, it will jierliaps be best to speak of triads. A sharp distinction must be made between similar and dissimilar triads-. If a major triad is followed by another major, or a minor triad by another minor, the two major triads are similar; as are also the two minor triads. But if a major triad is followed by a minor, or vice versa, the two triads are dis- similar. It must also be borne in mind that when speaking of major triads all intervals are reckoned upward; when speaking of minor triads all intervals are reckoned downward. A triad is related in the first degree to all similar triads whose fundamental tone is related in the first degree to the fundamental tone of the original triad. Thus the triad of C major is related in the first degree to the similar major triads of G, F, E, Ab, Eb, A. It is also related in the first degree to the dissimilar minor triads whose fundamental lies a fifth below any of tlio tones of this C major triad. These are F, -V. C, a fifth below C. E, G, respectively. To these must also be added the triad built upon the me<liant. which in a major key is always a minor triad. Hence, every triad is related to ten other triads in the first degree. In the case of a minor triad similar relations exist. The triad of A minor is related