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* TOMLINE. 338 TOMPKINS. and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he formed the acquaintance of the younger Pitt — as his tutor in 1773 — -which was the making of his own career. In 1783 he became private secre- tary to Pitt, when that statesman was made First Lord of the Treasury. In that position his mathematical ability enabled him to be of considerable service to his jjatron in the elabora- tion of the latter's financial schemes. Tomline was made Dean of Saint Paul's and Bishop of Lincoln in 1787, and was awarded the see of Winchester in 1820. In the following year ap- peared his memoir of Pitt. This work, although accurate as far as it went, was disappointing in that it took no notice of Pitt's career after 1793 and made scant use of the unique opportunities which the writer had enjoyed for acquaintance with the inner history of the time. TOM'LINSON", Charles (1808-97). An English scientist, born in London. He studied science under George Piirklieck, the founder of the London Mechanics' Institute. For a while he had a school with his brother Lewis, at Salis- bury. Becoming known for original investiga- tion, he was called to London, where he was appointed lecturer ou experimental science at King's College School. In 1872 he was elected to the Royal Society, and in 1874 he took a lead- ing part in founding the Physical Society. As a scientist Tomlinson made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the surface tension of liquids. His last years were devoted to literature, and in 1878-80 'he held the Dante lectureship at University College, London. Be- sides several works on mechanics and the useful arts, he published: The Sonnet, Its Origin, Struc- ture, and Place in Poetry (1874) ; a translation of Dante's Inferno (1877) ; The Literary History of the Divine Comedy (1879); Dante, Beatrice, and the Divine Comedy ( 1894) ; and a volume of original Sonnets (1881). TOMMASEO, t6'ma-za'6, Niccoi.6 (1802-74). An Italian author and lexicographer, born at Sebenico, in Dalmatia. He went to Padua to study law. but turned to literatiire. In Flor- ence he collaborated on Viessieux's Antologia. The Govex'nnient suppressed the Anloloyia in 1832, and Touimaseo, having to leave Florence, sought refuge in Paris, where he endeavored to make the French better acquainted with his coun- trymen, through vaiious writings, especially DelV Italia (1835). In 1838 he took up his abode in Corsica, and there made a cortection of popu- lar songs, Canti popolari corsi, tosewni, greci e illiriei ( 1841 ). He returned to Venice, where he was permitted to stay from 1839 to 1848. In January. 1848, he was arrested because of his liberal opinions, but a popular insurrection freed him. After the fall of Venice in 1849 he went to Corfil, going thence in 1854 to Turin, where he began the publishing of his great Dizionario della lingua italiana. He passed his last days in Florence. The multitudinous works of Tommaseo are all mentioned in the excellent account of him given in vol. v. of d'Ancona and Bacci's M annate della letteratura itaUmia (Florence, 1895). They em- brace religious writings, moral and pedagogical treatises, political essays, philological, literary, and critical works, poems, and ballads ; and they all reveal the qualities of the ardent patriot and citizen, of the fervent and tolerant Catholic, and of the clear-thinking and indefatigable scholar. TOMMASI, tom-mil'ze, Donato (1848—). An Italian chemist and electrician, burn in Naples and educated at Paris and at the Uni- versity of Brussels. His specialty is electro- chemistry, a branch of science in wiiich he made valuable investigations. His discoveries include various methods for separating and extracting metals by electricity (1892), and an accumulator which has been much used on railways. His pnl)lieations include: Traile theorirjue et pratique d'electrochimie (1889); Traite des piles elec- trifjues et des accumulateurs { 1890) ; and Manuel pratique de gah'anopkistie (1890). TOMMY ATKINS. The popular name for a private soldier in the British army. It had its origin in the Government usage of the fictitious name of Thomas Atkins to designate the place of the soldier's signature in such documents and army forms as were to be signed by him. TOMOCHICHI, to'md-che'che (one who makes a bird fiy upward) (c.1042-1739). A noted chief of the Yamacraw, a detached band of the Creek Confederacy, in the early period of Georgia colonization. He was a native of the Lower Creek town of Apalachukla, on the Alabama side of the Chattahoochee, nearly opposite the present Columbus, Ga. For some reason he had incurred the displeasure of the confederacy and in consequence withdrew with his immediate fol- lowers and established himself on the Savannah River at Yamacraw Blull', now a part of Savan- nah. Here he concluded a treaty of friendship with Governor Oglethorpe, and through his influ- ence a treaty was made in 1733, at Savannah, with the Lower Creeks, by which the latter ceded all their claims from the Savannali to the Alta- maha. In the next year, with a considerable retinue, he accompanied Oglethorpe to England. A monument to him was erected in Savannah. TOMP'KINS, Daniel D. (1774-1825). An American political leader, Vice-President of the United States from 1817 to 1825. He was born in Fox Meadows ( Scarsdale). Westchester County, N". Y., graduated at Columbia in 1795. and in 1797 was admitted to the bar. In 1804 he was elected to Congress, but before taking his seat was appointed liy Ciovernor ilorgan Lewis to the vacancy on the State Supreme bench caused by the promotion of .ludge Kent to the Chief .lusticeship. In 1807 he became the candidate of the Clintonian Republicans for Governor to suc- ceed Morgan Lewis, who had been renominated by the Livingston party with strong Fedei'alist siipport. He was elected over Governor Lewis by 4085 majority, and was reelected four times, serv- ing altogether ten years. During his third term an attempt to secure a charter from New York State for the Bank of America was accompanied by a wholesale bribing of the State Legislature. After the Lower House had sanctioned the char- ter, on March 27, 1812, Governor Tompkins pro- rogued both Houses — a power granted by the Con- stitution, but never before nor since exercised. Tlie charter was granted at- the next session of the Legislature, but Governor Tompkins's action had increased his popularity. During the War of 1812 Governor Tompkins recruited and equipped 40,000 militia in New York State. For these purposes he provided funds raised partly I