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* TOMATO. 336 TOMB. vegetable. Over 5,500,000 eases of 24 cans each, re- quiring 300.000 acres of land for their production, are packed annually. Jlaryland, New Jersey, Indiana, and California are the leading States in production, the first two giving nearly one- half the entire pack. The bacterial blight (Bacillus solanacearuin) attacks also the egg- plant and potato. The leaves become yellow, and the stems wilt and later become brown or black, the plant being destroyed. Spraying for the disease itself appears to hiive little effect, but preventing iusect attack is thought to act as a check. The leaf blight (Cladvsporium fulvum), often a more serious pest, appears as brownish spots on the under side of the leaves and yellow on the upper. . As the disease progresses the leaves curl up and finallj' drop from the stem. A leaf-spot disease {Septoria li/copersici), sometimes troublesome, causes numerous spots to appear on the leaves and young stems, ulti- mately destroying them. Tomato rot is caused by various fungi, e.g. Phytophthora infestans, Macrosporiuin tomato, attacks the green fruits of the tomato usually at the blossom end and first shows as a small black spot, which increases rapidly until haltthe fruit is a soft, black, sunk- en mass. Fusfiritim li/copeysici attacks the ripe fruit, covering it with a tliick, white mold, which later becomes reddish. This disease is less com- mon than the others. Repeated sprayings with Bordeaux mixture or other fungicide have been recommended as checks. Diseased fruits should be removed and burned. Consult Bailey, The Forciny Book (New York, 1898); United' States Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin No. 76 (Washington, 1898). See Plate of Vege- T.BLES. TOMATO INSECTS. Jlany of the insects that attack the tomato also live upon other mem- bers of the family Solanaceae. Among the most common are blister-beetles, plant-lice, flea-bee- tles, and cutworms, descriptions of which will be found under their respective titles. Others are discussed under Potato Insects; Tobacco Pests; Stalk-Borer. The bollworm (q.v. ) is sometimes seriously troublesome. See illustra- tion under Cotton-Insects. TOMB (OF. tomle, tumbe, Fr. toinhc, from I^at. ttimba. from Gk. -i/ij3oc, tymbos, sepul- chral mound, grave, tomb; connected with Olr. tomm, little hill, Skt. tunga, vaulted). A cham- ber or structure for the burial of the dead. In all ages the belief in immortality and the de- sire to honor the dead have led to the bestow'al of the highest efforts of art upon their burial- places. The ancient belief in the intermediate, shadowy existence in the tomb of the ka or 'double' of the deceased led also to the decora- tion of the tomb interior with pictured or carved 'doubles' of the appurtenances of mundane life for the delectation of this imprisoned shade, as in the tombs of Egj'pt and Etruria. Tombs may be either excavated or structural. Those cut in the rock are called hypogcea. Of these the most noted are those which honeycomb the west bank of the Nile in Egypt, some liaving roomy chambers with open porches in front ; others, more numerous, penetrating deep into the cliffs (that of Seti I. extending 800 feet) with a complex of descending passages, chambers, and pits. Other rock-cut sepulchres are in the 'Val- ley of the Kings,' near .Terusalem; at Petra in Syria, where are Koman h3'poga>a with elabo- rately carved facades : the tomb of Darius at Naksh-i-Rustam in Persia ; and many Etrus- can tombs with less elaborate facades at Csere, Vulci, Corneto, etc. In Lj'cia, besides hypogaea with carved fronts, there are m.any tombs above ground hewn each from a single block into the semblance of a timber-framed structure. The splendid Sidon sarcophagi in the Constantinople iluscum, shaped like small shrines or temples, almost deserve to be called tombs on account of their size and elaborate architecture. Inter- mediate between the rock-cut and structural tombs are such subterranean or buried struc- tures as the hive-shaped Pelasgic tombs of Myeenae, e.g. the so-called 'Treasury of Atreus.' Structural tombs in the open air affect usually the type of a tumulus, of a slirine, of a tower, or of a canopy over a solid podium or pedestal. The Pyramids of Egypt are the grandest examples of the first type. (See Pyramids.) The Romans sometimes built circular tombs surmounted by a cone or tumulus of eartli or masonry; e.g. tombs of C.Tcilia Metella, of Augustus, and of Hadrian ; the last named on the Vatican side of the Tiber, over 200 feet in diameter, but like the others des- titute of its mound, is now known as the Castle Sant' Angelo. The Greeks attempted little in t)ie way of sepulchral architecture except in Asia Jlinor, where the magnificent tomb of Mausolus (whence 'Mausoleum,' q.v.) in Caria was ac- counted one of the Seven Wonders. The Ro- mans, who delighted in raising impressive tombs, perfected the canopy or tower type, as in elegant examples at Saint-Remy and Vienne in France, Igel, near Treves, Jlylassa in Asia Minor, and many other places. They lined their great high- ways beyond their city gates with tombs of various types and often of great beauty, and in the fourth century developed, in such examples as the tomb of Saint Helena, the circular tomb with a dome, which was in the Middle Ages adopted by the Moslems and perfected, first on a small scale but with great richness of de- tail, in the hundreds of domed and minareted tombs at Cairo known as tombs of the Khalifs, and later in such majestic structures as the tombs of Khiirrem at Constantino|)le, of Humayun at Dellii. and of Mahmud at Bijapvir. and in the incomparable Taj ilahal (q.v.) at Agra. Syria abounds in tombs of all types, mostly dating from the early Christian centuries, though not a few belong to the Roman dominion, e.g. the 'Tomb of Absalom' at Jerusalem, the tombs at Palmyra, etc. In early Christian times and the Middle .Ages the ])ractice of interment within the church edi- fice became common, springing from that of erect- ing the altar over the tomb or sarcophagus of a martyr (altar-tomb). Throughout the Middle Ages the decoration of indoor tombs assumed a great variety of shapes, the most common type being that of a sarcophagus bearing on the cover a recumbent figure of the deceased, under a richly wrought canopy borne by twisted shafts or clustered columns and pointed arches and embellished with sculpture and often with mosaic. These tombs were sometimes free-stand- ing, sometimes set against a wall, or even set high up upon the wall, especially in Italy. Both kinds are to be seen imitated in the cele-