Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/387

* TOLENTINO. 333 TOLSTOY. wine, and olive oil, and stone quarries. Tolen- tino was the scene of Murat's defeat by the Au3- trians on May 2-3. 1815. Population (com- mune), in 1901, 12,872. TOLEKATION (Lat. tolcralio, from tolerare, to endure, tolerate; connected with Gk. Trjmi, tU-nai, to bear, endure, Skt. tul, to lift up, weigh). The recognition of the right of private judgment; specifically, such recognition, on the part of the Government, in matters of faitli and worship. By governmental toleration is granted not only the liberty of holding and putting into practice varied religious opinions, but of teach- ing and defending them publicly. But thereby no permission is given to violate the rights of others, or to infringe laws designed for tlie se- curity of the governing power or for the protec- tion of decency, morality, or good order. See Liberty, Religious. TOLIMA, to-le'ma. A southern department of ('(iloiiibia. South America, bounded by the de- partments of Antioquia and Cundinamarca on the north, Cundinamarca and Cauca on the east, and Cauca on the south and west (Map: Colombia, B 3). Area, about 18.500 square miles. The western and eastern parts belong to the region of the Central and Eastern Cordilleras respective- ly, while the central belongs to the valley of the I'ppcr Magdalena. Agriculture is carried on chiefly in the central part, where sugar, cacao, rice, and tobacco form the chief products. The stock-raising industry is also important. The mineral deposits of the department are extensive, but are almost utterly neglected. The climate along the river is tropical, but it is cold in the upper mountain regions. There are no good means of communication. The population was estimated at 230,000 in 1892. Capital, IbaguS (q.v.). TOLIMA. A quiescent volcano in Colombia rising from the Central Cordillera of the Andes, 75 miles west of Bogota. It is the highest peak in the country, having an altitude of 18.325 feet. TOLL (AS. toll iol. OHG. zol. Ger. Zoll, toll, tax; probably from Lat. iclonium, from Gk. Tf/l(j>»;ov, custom-house). In law, a charge or duty paid for some service, or the license to use something, generally in the nature of a public franchise. The right to exact toll is almost en- tirely created by statute, and generally is only granted to persons who maintain some public convenience, as a ferry, bridge, or turnpike. See Fr.vnchi.se ; Ferry : "Highw-vy. TOLLENS, tol'lens. Hendrik Carolu.szoon (1780-1856). A Dutch poet, born in Rotterdam. He was the son of a merchant, and himself W'as engaged in commerce till 1840. His early work followed French models and ideas. His first original works were poems (1802). followed by Lucretia (1805) and other historical tragedies, and works of much strength. His subsequent pro- ductions were mainly lyric and more distinctively national and simple. These poems, gathered un- der various titles (1808-53). show powers undi- minished to the last. He won wide popularity through the national song Wien 'S^eerlandsch blord. His best work is Tafe.rerl van de ormrin- terhifi op Noica Zemhla (Picture of the Winter- ing ii'n Nova Zembla. 1819). TOLOSA, to-lo'sa. The former capital of the Province of Guipflzcoa, Spain, 16 miles southwest of San Sebastifin, in the valley of the Oria, and on the IrunBxirgos line of the Northern Rail- way (Map: Spain, D 1). It contains the Church of Santa Maria, the Palacio Idiaquez. and two handsome jiaseos. During the nineteenth century it was an important Carlist centre. Its principal manufactures are paper, woolens, steel, brassware, and malt liquors. Population, in 1900, 8100. TOLS'TOY, Ritss. pron. tul-stoi', Alexei Kon- ST.XTixoviTCH. Count (1817-75). A Russian au- thor. He was born in Saint Petersburg, and stud- ied at Moscow. After seeing diplomatic service and traveling extensively, he trx)k ])art in the Cri- mean War, and subsequently held a high position at the Court. He wrote lyric and epic poetry and one novel, Prince ficrbri/anyi (trans, by J. Curtin, 1893), after the manner of Sir Walter Scott. His chief literary achievement, however, was his dramatic trilogy. The Death of Iran the Tcrrihle ( 1866 : Eng. trans, bv F. Harrison, Lon- don, 1869), C:ar Fedor Iran'oritch (1868), and Czar Boris (1870). All three parts were pub- lished together at Saint Petersburg in 1876. TOLSTOY, Dmitri, Count (1823-89). A Russian statesman. After serving in the Min- istry of the Navy, he became procurator of the Holy Synod in 1805 and Minister of Public In- struction in 1866. In both positions his reforma- tory measures aroused violent opposition, and es- peciall.y through his imdue preference for the classical languages in the intermediate schools, and his petty tutelage over the universities, he incurred such widespread enmity that he was obliged to resign in 1880. Appointed president of the Academy of Sciences in 1882, he held the post of Minister of the Interior in 1883-85. He was the author of a history of the finances of Russia to the reign of Catharine II. (1847). and of Le catholicisme romain en Russie (1863-64). TOLSTOY, Lyoff (Leo) Nikol.yevitch, Count (1828—). A famous Russian author. He was born on his father's estate at Yasnaya Poly- ana, in the Government of Tula. August 28. 1828. In 1843 he studied Oriental languages at the University of Kazan, a year afterwards he began to study law, and he received his diploma in 1848 'knowing literally nothing,' as he asserted later. He lived on his estate until 1851. when his broth- er, an artillery officer, induced him to visit the Caucasus. Charmed by the life there, he joined an artillery regiment, and in 1853 was attached to the Army of the Danube during the Cri- mean campaign. Diu'ing this period he pub- lished his Childhood, Incursion, Boyhood, The Morning of a Proprietor, and The Cossacks. He took part in the defense of Sebastopol. and em- bodied his experiences in Hehaslopoi in Dcecniher, ISoli. Sebastopol in May, 1855, and Sebastopol in August, 1S55. These sketches immediately placed Tolstoy among the great pen-masters of the day. They painted the horrors of war, with its show heroes and real heroes, in the spirit of that cruel, cold-blooded realism which is the chief trait of Tolstoy's unyielding logic. It was naked truth and nothing else. At the end of the war Tolstoy resigned and went to the capital. A visit abroad in 1857 sowed the seeds of his dis- appointment in modern civilization, and Prom the Memoirs of Prince Nckhlyudoff (Luzern) was an indignant protest against the poverty and