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* TOCQUEVILLE. 326 TODD. TOCQUEVILLE, tok'vel', Alexis Charles Henki C'LiiREL Dii (1805-59). A Frcncli statos- iiian and political philosopher, born at Verneuil, in the Department of Seine-et-Oise. At the Kes- toration his father was made a peer of France. His mother was a granddaughter of Malesherbes, the academician, political writer; and magistrate, who defended Louis XVI. at the bar of the Con- vention. Alexis de Tocqueville studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1825, traveled in Italy, and on his return became an assistant magistrate at Versailles. In 1831 lie gave up his appoint- ment at Versailles, and with his colleague there, Gustave de Beaumont, accepted a Government mission to America, to study the working of the penitentiary system. The commissioners, after their return to Europe, published their report (D« systcme ])&nitenti(iire anx Etats-Vnis, 1832; Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1833) — an admirable Axork, rhich modified all the ideas previouslj' en- tertained in France regarding prison discipline. But this was not the most important result of their inquiries. In 1835 De Tocqueville published his great work, De la dcinocratie en Amerique. In his introduction he sought to show that a great democratic revolution had for centuries been going on in Eurojie. There is a general progress toward social equality, which must be looked on as a providential fact. In France it has always been borne on b.y chance, the intelli- gent and moral classes of the nation never hav- ing connected themselves with it, in order to guide it. In America he found that the same revolution had been going on more rapidly than in Europe, and had indeed nearly reached its limit in the absolute equality of conditions. There, accordingly, he thinks we may see what is about to happen in Europe. He points out that the people in America may be strictly said to govern. They make the laws and administer them. He draws from what he has observed the conclusion that democracy may be reconciled with respect for projierty, deference for rights, safety to freedom, and reverence for religion. The work made a profound impression. Its au- thor was elected to the Academy of Moral Science in 183G and to the French Academy in 1841. In 1835 De Tocqueville visited England, where he received an enthusiastic welcome from the leaders of the Whig Party. In the same year lie married Miss JIary Mottley, an English- woman. In 1837 he was defeated as a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies, from Valognes, but two years after he was elected by an overwhelm- ing majority, and ranged himself with the Jlod- erate Opposition Party. After the February Revolution he was a formidable opponent of the Socialists and extreme Eepublicans, as well as of the partisans of Louis Napoleon. He became, in 1849, vice-president of the Legislative Assem- bly, and from June to October in the same year was Minister of Foreign Affairs. During that time he defended the policy of the expedition to Rome, on the ground that it would secure liberal institutions to the States of the Church. After the coup d'etat of December, 1851, he retired to Tocqueville, where he devoted himself to agricul- tural pursuits. In 1856 appeared his second great work, L'ancien regime et la revolution. In June, 1858, he took up his abode at Cannes, where he died. De Tocquevillc's CEnrreK et eor- respondnnce inMites were published (1800), by his friend De Beaumont, who prefixed a bio- graphical notice. His Memoires are a valuable contribution to the history of the Revolution of 1848 and the coup d'etat. An English transla- tion, The Jlceulhclions of Alexis de Tocqueville, was published in New York in 1896. TOCUYO, tokoU'yo. A town of the State of Lara, 'enezuela. 180 miles southwest of Caracas, on the Tocuyo River (Map: Venezuela, D 2). The valley of this river is one of the richest agri- cultural and grazing districts of the Republic, producing in abundance sugar-cane, wheat, coffee, and cacao. Besides exporting these products Tocuyo has wool and leather manufactures, salt works, and household weaving. Tocuyo was founded in 1535. Population, about 15.000. TODAS, tC/das. A people of the Nilgiri Hills in Southern Hindustan, who have been the sub- ject of much discussion by ethnologists. The majority of the authorities consider them to be of Dravidian stock. The Todas are tall, well- built, dolichoceplialic, with prominent nose, fea- tures approaching the Caucasian, full beard, black hair, and rather light brown skin. Consult ilarshall, A Phrenologist Amonfj the Todas (Lon- don, 1873). TODD, Ch.eles Blkr (1849—). An Ameri- can author, born at Redding. Conn. He was pre- vented by poor eyesight from entering college, and became a journalist and historical student. In 1877 he was appointed commissioner for the erection of a suitable memorial on the site of the winter quarters of Gen. Israel Putnam's division of Continentals in Redding. Conn. In 1895 he was secretary of the committee appointed by Mayor Strong for the printing'of early records of New York City. His iniblications include: His- tory of Burr Family (1879) ; Life and Letters of Joel Barloiv -(1886') ; The Story of the City of 'Sew York (1888) ; and other works. TODD, David Peck (1855-). An American astronomer, born at Lake Ridge, N. Y'., and educated at Amherst College. He was chief assistant to the United States Transit of Venus Commission in 1875, and his reductions of the ob- servations were the first derived from the Ameri- can photographs. He took charge of the Lick Observatory observations of the transit of Venus in 1882. In 1887 he conducted the American Eclipse Expedition to .Japan and there organized a subsidiary expeditiou to the summit of Fuji- yama for meteorological observations. He re- turned to Japan in 1896 as head of the Amherst Eclipse Expedition. His publications include: A Continuation of De Damoiseau's Tables of the Salcllifes of Jupiter to the Year 1900 (1876; also extended back to 1G65), used by American and foreign nautical almanacs ; A New Astron- omy (1897); and Stars and Telescopes (1899). TODD, John (1800-73). A Congregational minister. He was born at Rutland, Vt. : gradu- ated at Y'ale College in 1822, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1826. He was pastor at Gro'tnn, Mass., in 1827-31: Northampton. 1833- 36: Philadelphia, 1836-42; Pittsfield, Mass., 1842-72. He was one of the founders of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. He had a vigorous and original mind, much practical shrewdness and wit, and fine descriptive power. Some of his works had immense circulation, especially The Student's Mammal (18.35; 20th ed. 1853)". He