Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/377

TOBACCO PESTS. corn until the grain becomes hard, and therefore works in tobacco usually only toward the end of the season, and Heliothis rhexiæ. The latter is the true bud-worm. (See Colored Plate of .) The adult is a small greenish moth, and the larva is found in the bud of the plant about the time it is ready to top. They transform to pupæ under the surface of the ground. A true bug (Dicyphus minimus) damages the second crop in late tobacco by puncturing the leaves and sucking the cell sap. Infested leaves become yellowish in color, somewhat wilted, and the older ones eventually split in places, becoming ragged. The bug, when immature, lives on the under side of the leaves, but the adults live both above and below. The eggs are deposited singly in the tissues of the leaf and hatch after four days. One entire generation is produced in fifteen days. Several other sucking bugs puncture tobacco leaves, but are not serious enemies of the crop, except, perhaps, the ‘green bug’ (Euschistus variolarius).

The tobacco leaf-miner, or ‘split worm’ (Phthorimæa operculella) hatches from eggs laid upon the leaves by a minute grayish moth, and bores between the surfaces of the leaf, making a flat mine often of considerable size. This insect is a cosmopolitan species and works upon potatoes as well as upon tobacco, boring into the tubers as well as the leaves. Several species of (q.v.) damage the tobacco plant early in the season. A (q.v.) (Aleyrodes tabaci) damages the leaves of tobacco in Europe and in the Southern United States. The common mealy-bug (Dactylopius citri) affects the plant, as also do several species of plant-lice. The tobacco thrips (Thrips tabaci) is an important enemy of tobacco in Bessarabia. It occurs upon many plants in the United States, especially upon onions, but has not been found upon tobacco.

Most of the insects mentioned may be destroyed by spraying the plants with an arsenical mixture. Nearly all of them feed upon solanaceous plants, and an excellent remedial measure is to allow a few weeds of this family, such as Solanum nigrum or Datura stramonium, to grow in the immediate vicinity of the field which is to be planted in tobacco. These weeds will act as traps for nearly all of the early tobacco insects, and they can be treated with heavy doses of Paris green for the leaf-feeding species, and with a spray of kerosene emulsion and water for the sucking bugs. Large numbers of these insects can be killed in this way, greatly to the protection of the young tobacco plants when they are set out.

Dried tobacco is attacked and frequently ruined, even after having been made up into cigars and cigarettes, by the so-called cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), an insect which works not only in tobacco, but in many other dried herbs as well as certain dried foods. It is a cosmopolitan species, and multiplies rapidly throughout the greater part of the year, feeding both as larvae and as adults. The ‘drug-store beetle’ (Sitodrepa panicea) and the common rice weevil (Calandra oryza) also feed upon dried tobacco. These insects are destroyed by fumigating the rooms or the establishments in which they occur with bisulphid of carbon or hydrocyanic acid gas.

All of the species above mentioned occur in the United States, although several of them are cosmopolitan. In Europe 144 species are recorded as occurring in tobacco fields. The most important of these, among the species which do not occur in America, is a tenebrionid beetle (Opatrum intermedium), which injures the plant by attacking the stems under ground. Consult Howard, The Principal Insects Affecting the Tobacco Plant (Washington, 1900).  TOBACCO PIPE. An implement for the smoking of tobacco. The use of a pipe for smoking herbs of various sorts dates from a period when these plants were burned in a container and the smoke employed for sacrifices or for healing. Aside from the specimens discovered in ancient sites in Europe, the greatest prehistoric distribution of the pipe is in America. Here the widespread primitive form is a drilled tube of stone, wood, bone, or pottery, in the form of a large cigar holder, evidently taking its shape from that of a tube of cane. This type is found almost exclusively west of the Mississippi, and its early use was for blowing out smoke and not for drawing it into the mouth. This form, when put into clay, shows a later transition toward the modern pipes by bending the stem. In the Eastern United States the prehistoric pipe shows considerable modification of the original tube, and some of the varieties are the monitor pipe with the bowl set on a flat base perforated as a stem, hour-glass pipes, biconical pipes, etc. The peace pipe or (q.v.) descends from the monitor form. The red stone called catlinite, commonly used for calumets, came into use in historic times. The Alaskan Eskimo pipe is of Asiatic form, with a very small cavity in a mushroom bowl attached to a stem, while the Labrador Indian pipe is of a well-marked type consisting of a separate bowl of stone beautifully worked and a short stem. Numerous examples of sculptured pipes have been found in Ohio and Illinois, and have been attributed to the so-called ‘mound-builders.’ The tomahawk pipe was introduced through trade by the French, English, and Spanish, and certain tribes affected a certain style of this pipe.

The ethnographic study of the pipe or its modification and adaptation to their uses by different peoples shows not only that the spread of the pipe into different environments has given rise to a great number of inventions connected with this utensil, but that their forms, materials, and artistic conceptions have taken upon themselves racial or tribal individuality, as e.g. Turkish and Chinese pipes. Most of the inventions have grown out of the desire to cool the smoke and relieve it of acrid principles, giving rise to the great class of water pipes widespread in Asia and Africa, as the hookah or narghile, and the ornate Chinese water pipe, and in other countries resulting in absorbing bowls, as the meerschaum, clay, brier root, or other substances, as well as devices for condensing the nicotine in a receptacle below the bowl, as in the German lange Pfeife. The same result is attained by the long stem of the pipe and by the long coiled tube of the narghile. Numerous evidences of taste are shown in the decoration of the bowls, stems, and mouthpieces and in the tobacco pouches, strike-a-light, match-boxes, and cleaners, which are smokers' accessories. The bowl is often covered for protection against the wind, and is frequently carved