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* TITUSVILLE. 316 TLAXCALA. library and a hospital. In August, 1859, the first oil well in the United States was siink here, and the city is largely interested still in the oil in- dustry. It has oil refineries, large iron works, radiator works, cutlery works, a silk mill, saw and planing mills, engine works, etc. It is also the shipping centre for a productive farming sec- tion. Under the charter of 1899, the government is vested in a major, elected triennially, and a bicameral council. The water-works and the elec- tric light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. Titusville was settled in 1796, and was incorporated as a borough in 1847, and as a city in 1806. On .June 5, 1892, Oil Creek, swollen by a cloudburst, flooded the lower part of the city. Soon afterwards several oil tanks gave way. The liberated oil, covering nearly the whole surface of the flood, became ignited, and the fire and flood together destroyed about 60 lives and fuUv one-third of the city. Population, in 1890, 8073; in 1900, 8244. TIUMEN or TYUMEN, tyoo-nian'y'. A town in the Government of Tobolsk. Western Siberia, situated on the Tura, at the eastern end of the Perm-Tinmen Railway line (Map: Asia, F 3). It is an important centre in the transit trade of Siberia and has shipbuilding yards, woolen mills, and tanneries. Population, in 1899, 29,621. TIVERTON. A municipal and Parliamen- tary borough and market-town in Devonshire, England, 14 miles north of Exeter (Map: Eng- land, C 6). There are important weekly markets, and great animal markets for cattle. There is a large lace factory, in which nearly 2000 hands are employed. The town owns the gas and water-works. Lord Palmerston was its Parlia- mentary representative for thirty years. Popvila- tion, in 1901, 10,382. Consult Harding, The History of Tiverton (Tiverton, 1845-47). TlV'OIil (Lat. Tibur). An old town of Cen- tral Italy, Province of Rome, 19 miles east- northeast of Rome. It stands on the slope of Monte Ripoli, one of the Apennines. Tivoli is walled, and has a fortress. The surrounding hills are covered with olive trees. The vines of Tivoli are famed for a peculiar sort of grape, in great request for its firmness and luscious fla- vor, noticed as early as the time of Pliny the Elder. The stone called travertine, of which a great part of Rome is built, comes from quarries just below Tivoli. On the western slope of the town lies the famous Villa d'Este, of the six- teenth century. Within and without the city there are many monuments of antiquity. In a commanding position above the falls of the Anio stand the remains of two temples, one circular (so-called 'Temple of the Sibyl'), and one rec- tangular (so-called 'Temple of Tiburtus'), the former of which antedates the Christian Era. In the neighborhood there are extensive remains of the Emperor Hadrian's magnificent villa, the 'villa of Maecenas,' remains of mausoleums, aque- ducts, bath, etc. The place is much visited by tourists for its waterfalls, which are lofty and very picturesque. The Anio furnishes excellent water power, which since 1892 has been utilized for electric lighting both at Tivoli and at Rome, and for iron works at the former town. Tibur existed as a town (according to ancient tradi- tion) long before the building of Rome, under whose dominion it fell about B.C. 335. TIXTLA, teks'tla, or Tixtla de Guerrero. A town of the State of Guerrero, Mexico, five miles east of the capital, Chilpancingo (Map: Mexico, J 9). The town is in a fertile, well- watered valley, with silver mines in the vicinity. It was formerly the capital of the State. Popu- lation, in 1S9.J. 6588. TLACOTALPAN, tla'ko-Uil'pan. A Gulf .seaport of Mexico, 50 miles southeast of Vera Cruz, at the mouth of the Papaloapfln (Map: Mexico, L 8). Population, in 189.5, 5770. TLALPAM, tlril'pam. A town of the Federal District, Mexico, 10 miles south of the capital ( Map : Mexico, J 8 ). It is a noted summer re- sort and each spring at Whitsuntide its Cluirch of San Antonio de las Cuevas is visited by thou- sands of pilgrims. Population, in 1895, 5846. TLATLATJQUITEPEC, tla-tlou'ke-ta-pek'. A town of the State of Puebla, Mexico, 42 miles northwest of Jalapa. Population, in 1895, 8754. TLAXCALA or TLASCALA, tlas-kil'la (Mex., land of maize). The smallest State of Mex- ico. l)Ounded by the State of Hidalgo on the north, Puebla on the east and south, and Mexico on the west, xlrea, 1595 square miles (Map: Mexico, K 8 ) . The State lies within the central plateau of Mexico at an elevation of about 7000 feet above the sea. Several mountain peaks rise on the western and the southern frontiers and reach in the Sierra Malinche an altitude of 13,475 feet. The rivers are short and unnavigable. Tlaxcala has a comparatively cool climate, and frosts are not infrequent. The chief industry of the State is agriculture and the principal [iroducts are cereals, especially maize; maguey also flourishes. The State has good transporta- tion facilities. Population, in 1900, 172,217. Capital, Tlaxcala. The natives of Tlaxcala were of Nahuatlan stock (q.v. ) and spoke the same language as the Aztecs, the dominant people of the Mexican Empire, but maintained their independence in spite of repeated attempts of the Aztec em- perors to subjugate them. On the arrival of Cortez in 1519 he was at first fiercely resisted by the people of Tlaxcala, but they were de- feated, and, submitting, furnished a large con- tingent to assist in the conquest of Mexico. In recognition of their services they were ac- corded special privileges imder the Spanish Gov- ernment, and on account of their loyalty and fighting qualities numbers of them were after- wards colonized at Saltillo, in Coahuila, and at Izalco, in Salvador, as a check upon the hostile inroads of the native tribes. The present popu- lation of Tlaxcala is chiefly of the aboriginal stock and language. They maintain many of their ancient beliefs aiid customs, including faith in witches and weather doctors, with an interesting Feast of the Dead. TLAXCALA or TLASCALA. A Mexican town, the capital of the State of the same name, 58 miles east of the City of Mexico, on a branch of the Mexican Railway, running between Puebla and Apizaco, in the vallev of the river Atoyac (Map: Mexico, K 8). The modern town, near the site of the Indian capital, has lost much of its former greatness. It contains the State- house, and the ancient bishop's palace, probably the oldest Franciscan building in America, while near it are many remains of former Indian struc-