Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/365

* TITUS. 315 TITXJSVILLE. sincere love and loyalty to the Apostle. These results were supremely satisfactory to Titus and his report to Paul, who had left Kpliesus (spring of a.d. 55) expecting to meet Titus at Troas, hut, disappointed in this, had pressed on anxiously into ilacedonia, so cheered the Apostle that he at once sent back the warm- hearted message contained in II. Cor. i.-iv. We know no more of Titus's movements until the time of the letter written to him by Paul. The date of this Epistle, presupposing its gen- uineness, must be placed between Paul's first and second imprisoinnents. (See Xew Testa- ment Chronology.) Titus had accompanied I'aul to Crete, where he had been left by the Apostle to further organize the churches there planted. He was sununoned thence to join Paul at Xicopolis where Paul planned to winter. We do not know wliether this plan was carried out. Titus is next mentioned in II. Timothy (iv. 10), the last of Paul's letters, as having departed, presumably from Rome, for Dalmatia. Notliing- more is said of Titus in the Xew Testament. The impression made by the references given is that he was a true and capable assistant to the great Apostle, one of the foremost of that circle of loyal disciples through whom Paul accom- plished his great work. Tradition makes him Bishop of Crete, but of this there is no early evidence. TITUS (TiTLS FLAirs Sabinus Vespa- siAxus) (c. 40-81 A.D.), Roman Emperor (a.d. 79-81). He was the eldest son of the Emperor Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, and wns horn at Rome. Brought up at the Court of Nero, he received an excellent training, and subsequent- ly, as 1)-ibu»us militum in Germany and Britain, and commander of a legion in Judsea under his father, proved his qualities as a soldier and a general. On his father's elevation to the Imperial tlirone, Titus was left to prosecute the Jewish 'V'ar, which he brought to a close by the capture of .Jerusalem (September 8, A.D. 70) after a long siege. The news of the success was received with the utmost joy, and Vespasian's too jealous temper was awakened. However, Titus by re- turning to Rome, and laying the trophies of vic- tory at the Emperor's feet, removed his un- founded suspicions, and father and son obtained the honor of a joint triumph (a.d. 71). About this time Titus became his father's colleague in the Empire. He gave himself up to the pursuit of pleasure in all its forms, put to death various suspected persons very summarily, and even caused one of his guests, whom he justly sus- pected of conspiracy, to be assassinated as he left the palace. On the death of his father (a.d. 79), whom he was at that time believed by a few to have poisoned, the Romans had satisfied themselves as to the advent of a second Nero. But Titus's beliavior after his hand grasped an undivided sceptre completely belied their antici- pations. Tlie very first act of his reign was to put a stop to all prosecutions for Iwsa mujestns, which had abounded since the time of Tiberius ( q.v. ). The ancient and venerated buildings of Rome were repaired ; new ones, as the baths which bore his name, were erected; and the prominent tastes of the populace were abun- dantly gratified by games on the most stupendous scale, which lasted for 100 days. Titus's benef- icence was unboundedj and it so happened that Vol. XIX.— 21. during his brief reign there was the most urgent need of its exercise. In a.d. 79 occurred the eruption of Vesuvius which overwiu'lmed Hercu- laneum and Pompeii and ruined numciuus otlier towns and villages; in a.d. SO. a fire broke out in Rome, w'hich raged for three days, destroying the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had just been rebuilt, and other public edifices, besides numerous houses; and in the tracks of these calamities followed a dreadful pestilence. Titus dealt out gifts with lavish hand to the houseless and ruined sufferers; he even despoiled his pal- aces of tlieir valuable ornaments, to olitain money for distribution, and schemed and planned to furnish occupation for them. He was now the idol of his subjects, the 'love and deliglit of the human race;' but, unfortunately, in the com- mencement of the third year of his reign he be- came suddenly ill, and died at his patrimonial villa at Reate, in the Sabine countrj'. The reign of Titus was marked by the extension of tlie Roman dominion in Britain by Agricola. TITUS, Aiicn of. A triumphal arch in Rome at the highest point of the Sacred Way. fac- ing the Forum, and situated between the plat- form of the Temple of Venus and Roma and the Temple of Jupiter Stator. It was erected I)}' Domitian in a.d. 81 in commemoration of the taking of Jerusalem, and is adorned with fine reliefs on the inner sides of the archway, representing the triumph of Titus, and the spoils of the temple, including the seven-branched candlestick and the table with shewbread. Dur- ing the Jliddle Ages the arcli was liuilt into the fortifications of the Frangipani; and when these were demolished, the arch was taken down in 1822 and rebuilt to insure its safety, the missing portions being supplied by travertine instead of the original Pentelic marble. TITUS, Baths of. Extensive baths north- east of the Coliseum at Rome, built by Titus on the ruins of the Golden House of Nero and sup- plied by the Aqua Mareia. Tlieir exact situation was long a matter of dispute, and they were gen- erally conceived to be identical with the Baths of Trajan and to have been called by the latter name because restored by him. Excavations in 1895 finally determined their topography and showed them to be distinct from the adjoining Baths of Trajan. All remains of the building of Titus disappeared in the sixteenth century. TITUS, Epistle to. A letter in the New Testament, attributed to the Apostle Paul. See Timothy axd Titus, Epistles to. TITUS ANDEONICUS. The name of a tragedy usually inclu;lcd among Shakespeare's works, though it is now generally considered to have been only retouched by Shakespeare in 1589- 00, on the foundation of an earlier play. It is alluded to by ileres in 1598 among Shakespeare's tragedies; but, though a quarto edition is said to have been printed in 1594. no extant copy is earlier than the quarto of 1600. Crude as it is, it belongs to the same type of play as Hamlet; both are dramas of revenge, after the fashion of Kyd. TI'TUSVILLE. A city in Crawford County, Pa., 18 miles north of Oil City; on Oil Creek, and on the Pennsylvania and the Dun- kirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburg railroads (Map: Pennsj'lvania, B 2). It has a public