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* TIMPERLEY. 297 TIMUR. nal and selected, the beat colleetion of printers' songs in Englisli (1845). The lirst two books were issued in 1842 as an EncyclopcFdia of Lit- erary and Tiipoyniphical Anecdotes. Timperley also published Annals of Manchester (1839). TIM'KOD, Henry (1829-67). An American poet, born in Charleston, S. C. He was educated at the University of Georgia and studied law with the well-known jurist James Louis Petigru, but linnlly trained himself fur the position of a private tutor in families, which gave him more leisure for developing his poetical talents. Dur- ing the years immediately preceding the Civil War he formed one of the coterie presided over by William Gilmore Simms (q.v.), and con- tribtited poems to Russell's Magazine and the tiouthern Literary Messenger. In 1859 he pub- lished a volume of poems which was favorably noticed. He served as v ar correspondent of the Charleston Mercury and in 1804 removed to Co- lumbia, S. C. His later years were passed in poverty and physical pain. His friend Paul H. Hayne superintended an edition of liis poems (1873), which was well received by competent judges. In 1899 a memorial edition of his works was undertaken. His fame as the best of South- ern lyrists, after Poe, and probably Sidney Lanier, is now well established. Among his best poems are "Katie," "The Cotton Boll," "Charles- ton," and an admirable ode on the Confederate dead buried in Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston. TIMSAH, tim'sii, L.ke. A lake traversed by the Suez Canal ( q.v. ). TIMUCUA, tc-moo'kwa, or Timuquanan (ruler, master). A group of tribes, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, which formerly occu- pied central and nortlicrn T'hjrida from about Tampa Bay and Cape Canaveral northward to Saint Mary's Rier. Their southern limit is un- known. ' Wlien first known to the Spaniards they had from twenty to forty settlements, principally along the lower Saint John's River. Xarvaez (1527) and De Soto (1539) both passed through their territory, meeting determined re- sistance in each case. The Huguenots, under Laudonnifere, landing on the east coast in 1564, met with a friendly reception, the friendshij5 continuing during the brief existence of the French colony. At this time there seem to have been at least five cognate tribes speaking as many dialects. On the expulsion of the French the Timucua tril)es came tnider the dominion of the Spaniards, by whom they were compelled to work in large numbers upon the fortifications of Saint Augustine. In 1687, already greatly di- minished, they made an unsuccessful attempt to revolt. In 1702-06 successive inroads of the English of Carolina, with their hundreds of In- dian allies, wiped out the mission villages of the Timucua, who fled to the upper waters of the Saint .Tohn's, where Tomoco River in the present Volusia County preserves their name. The abandoned territory was afterward occupied by the Seminole (q.v.). Consult Pareja, Arte de In lengua timu(/uana (new ed. by Adam and Vinson, Paris, 1886). TIMtJR, te-moor', TiMUR-nEG, Tamerlane, or TiMUR-LENG (Timur the Lame) (1336-1405). A Mongol conqueror, born at Kesh or Sebz. 40 miles from Samarkand. At this time the real power over Turkestan was in the hands of in- dependent chiefs of Mongol blood, each of whom chose a prominent city of tlu' kingdom, and thence ruled the surrounding country. One of these chiefs, Haji Berlas, the uncle of Timur. had estalilished himself at Kesh, and here the future compicror passed the first twenty-four years of his life. In 13lJ the Kalmucks of Jettah. led by Tughlak Tinuir. subjugated Turkestan. Declining to accompany his uncle in liis flight. Timur met Tughlak, wlio made him governor of Kesli. and appointed him one of the ])rincipal ministers of his son, the new monarch of Turkestan. The Kalmucks were ultimately expelled in 1363, and Turkestan was divided between its two libera- tors, Hussain and Timur. In 1369 war broke out between them, Hussain was defeated and slain, and Timur became lord of Turkestan. He did not, however, assume the rank of a sovereign, but, elevating one of the royal race to the throne, reserved for himself the real authority and the title of Emir. He then jiroceeded to take ven- geance on the Kalmucks and turned westward to punish the predatory tribes of Khwaresm. who had plundered Bokhara. He spent the interval lietween these campaigns in supporting Tok- temesh Khan, one of the claimants to the throne of Kiptchak, whom he placed in 1376 in undis- puted possession. In 1383 the people of Herat, whom he had subdued a short time liefore. rebelled and nuirdercd his envoys. In punisl]ment for this 2000 of the garrison, built up with alter- nate layers of brick and mortar into the form of a pyramid, were left by Timur as a reminder of the consequences of rebellion. Seistan was next reduced, and the Afghans of the Suleiman Koh were conquered. In the following year he invaded Mazanderan, and by the close of 1387 the whole of the country east of the Tigris, from Tiflis to Shiraz, was subdued. Those chiefs who vol- untarily submitted were mostly confirmed in their governments, but the inhabitants of Ispa- han, who. after a pretended submission, suddenly rose against the Tatar garrison and massacred 3000 of them, were almost completely extermi- nated. Meanwhile. Tokteinesh Khan invaded Timtir's territories on the Amu. Timur brotight him to bay on the banks of the Bielaya (a tributary of the Kama), June 18, 1391. where he almost anni- hilated his forces. In 1392 Tinuir crossed the Ti- gris, subdued the numerous and warlike princi- [lalities to the east of the Euphrates, then advanced northward, through the gates of Derbend. to the Volga, in 1395 again routed Toktemesh on the banks of the Terek, and then turned west as far as the Dnieper, and then north to Moscow, return- ing by Astrakhan and the Caucasus, leaving death and desolation in his track. In 1398 Tinuir en- tered India by the passes of the Hindu Kush, near Kabul, and routed the armies which opposed him, till the number of prisoners became so great that four days before the great battle at Delhi he ordered the murder, in cold blood, of all the males (said to be 100.000 in number), and then took the capital. After advancing to the Oanges. Timur rettirned to Samarkand, where he expended the spoils of the expedition in the adornment of his citj-. In the following year he attacked the Egyptian Empire in Syria. He was as usual completely successful. Tiinur's aid was then invoked by the Emperor of the East and several princes of Asia Minor to help them