Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/342

* TIMORLAUT. 294 TIMOTHT and TIT CIS. raising, and trepang fislieiy. Population, in 1895, omcially estiuiatod at 24,858. TIMOTE, tt-mu'tfi. A group of small tribes appavfiitly constituting a distinct linguistic stock, whose modern representatives still occupy the mountainous district of Merida, southward from Lake Maracaibo, in Western Venezuela. In former times they usually went naked, with their bodies painted red, and were agricultural, cul- tivating corn, chile, and various edible roots. They buried their dead in caves or in under- ground vaults, depositing with the corpse sacred figurines of clay. TIMOTHEUS, ti-mo'the-us (Lat., from Gk. Ti/t6eeos,), OF iliLETUS. A Greek poet and mu- sician, son of Thersander; lie lived about B.C. 450-357. He was first of all a eitharodes, i.e. one who, wliile singing, played liis own accompani- ment on the cithara. The special form of lyric poetry used for these public performances was the Now OS, wdiose name Terpander was said to have established. Originally this was largely a musical performance of hexameters from the epic, but Timotheus seems to have given definite form to novelties alreatly attempted, and greatly enlarged the possibilities of artistic display by introducing a free metrical structure, which oflfered full scope for elaborate musical com- position and vocal execution. He further en- larged his opportunities by increasing the number of strings on tlie cithara to eleven. His innovations met with strong opposition, and w'ere especially distasteful to the Spartans, against whom he defends himself in his '*Persians." His works have till recently been known only through the scantiest fragments and allusions, but in 1902 a papyrus manuscript of his nomos, the "Persians," was discovered by the German Oriental Society in a Greek sarcophagus at Abu- sir, near Memphis, in Egypt. About 116 lines of considerable length are preserved, and 80 of these are practically complete. It is the oldest Greek manuscript yet found, and was copied but a few years after the death of tlie author, and the fact that it is the only specimen of this branch of the Greek lyric lends special value to the poem. The subject is the defeat of the Persians at Sn la- mis, and it seems to belong to the early years of the fourth century, wlien Athens was lunnbled and Sparta supreme, for in the vivid descrip- tion of the battle there is no mention of Athens. The dialect, however, is the Attic of the poets. The style is highly wrought with many com- pounds and metaphorical terms, often far- fetched. Timotheus seems to have been less a poet than a musician, and with only his libretto it is scarcely possible to estimate properly his real position in Greek literary ai:t. Consult: Wilamowitz-Mollendorf, Timotheos, Die Pcrscr (Leipzig, 1903), text, a Greek paraphrase, and explanatory essay; Dcr Timiitheos Papyrus (ib,, 1903), photographic facsimile; T. R. in Revue des iludes grecques, vol. xvi. (Paris, 1903), an essay and translation into French. TIM'OTHY (6k. Ti^4«eos, Timotheos). One of the trusted disciples and assistants of the Apostle Paul. He was a native of Lystra, in Lyeaonia, the son of a Gentile father and a Jewish mother (Acts xvi. 1). As a child he was carefully instructed in the Old Testament Scripture (II. Tim. iii. 15), but he was not circumcised. It is likely that his mother, Eunice, and Ills grandmother, Lois, were among the first converts made by Paul and Barnal)as on their first visit to Lyeaonia, and soon after, eitlier tlirough their or Paul's own agency, the youth Timothy embraced the new faith (11. Tim. i. 5). Wlien Paul revisited Lystra Timothy was already favorably known in the ncigliborliood as an active C'liristiau (Acts xvi. 2). Paul persuaded him to go with him as an assistant. Probably at the same time he was ordained by the local presbytery in accord with certain proplietic in- timations as to his future (I. Tim. i. 18; iv. 14). To avoid unnecessary ofi'ense to the Jews, he was circumcised. From this time until the close of Paul's life Timothy was one of his most faithful, trusted, and intimate disciples. He was in- trusted several times with important missions .to the churches founded by the Ajiostle. At Berea (Acts xvii. 14), Athens, and Tliessalonica (1. Tliess. iii. 1-0), at Corinth, and later at Ephesus (I. Cor. iv. 17, xvi. 10), and again in Macedonia (Acts xix. 21-22) he rendered im- portant services, and is joined with himself by Paul in the addresses of several of his epistles. Though lie w-ent to Jerusalem with Paul (Acts XX. 4), he was probably engaged in labors el.se- where when the Apostle embarked on his voyage to Rome. He visited his master at Rome (see the opening words of Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon), and was probably sent by Paul, shortlv before his release, with a message to Philippi (Phil. ii. 19). After the Apostle's re- lease he rejoined Timothy in the East, and later left him in charge at Ephesus in a position full of great responsibility. In his anxiety Paul wrote him the letter of advice and warning known as I. Timothy. When Paul was impris- oned the second time, and proljably not long before his deatli, he wrote II. Timothy, summon- ing his beloved disciple to come to him as quickly as possible. At some later date Timothy him- self was arrested, but afterwards released (Heb. xiii. 23). According to tradition he passed the remainder of liis days as Bishop of Epliesus. TIMOTHY and TITUS, Epistles to. Three letters of the New Testament commonly loiown as the Pastoral Epistles, bearing in their open- ing passages the claim to have been written by Paul. The first two are addressed to Timothy, Paul's companion and fellow worker, whom the Apostle associated with himself at Lystra, on liis second missionary tour (Acts xvi. 1-3). and who con- tinued with him practically tlirough the re- mainder of his active ministry. He was with Paul also in Rome, where he is named with the Apostle in the Epistles to the Colossians, Philip- pians, and Philemon. The last letter is ad- dressed to Titus, also one of Paul's helpers, first met with in connection with the mission work in Antioch (Gal. ii. 1-4; cf..Actsxv. 22), and probably more or less associated with the Apos- tle's later work, though he is not mentioned again until the correspondence with the Corin- thian clnirch. All three letters have to do with the Apostle's instructions regarding the pastoral service in which the recipients were engaged at the time of writing. The second letter to Tim- othy, however, contains in addition a different element of a more personal kind. For almost a century these letters have been