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* TILLY. 289 TIMBUKTU. Palatinate in Bohemia. He then carried on the struggle in the Palatinate, was defeated by Jlans- feld anil the Margrave of Baden-Durlach at Wies- loch (April 27, 1022), but gained a decisive vic- tory over the latter at Wimpfen (May Gth) and defeated Christian of Brunswick at Huchst (1622) and Stadtlohn (1623). For these ser- vices he was created a count of the Empire. He defeated Christian IV. of Denmark at Lutter (August 27. 1626), and cooperated with Wal- lenstein in li'ringing about tlie complete triumph of the Catholics in this second pliase of the Thirty Years' War. When the inliuence of the League secured Wallenstein's retirement (1630), Tilly succeeded to the command of the Imperial forces, and took by storm the town of Magdeburg (May 20, 1631).' The atrocities which the Croats and Walloons of his army perpetrated on this oc- casion form a stain upon a character that was remarkable in that age for honesty and loyalty to conviction. The capture of Magdeburg was Tilly's last triumph. Gustavus Adolphus com- pletely routed him at Breitenfeld (September 17, 1(331). In April. 1632. the Swedish King forced the passage of the river Lech in Tilly's front after a desperate conflict, in which Tilly was mortally wounded. He was removed to Ingol- stadt. where he died. Consult : Villermont, TiUi/ (Tournay, 1859) ; Klopp. Tilli/ im Dreissig- jiihrigen Kriege (Stuttgart, 1861). both written from the Catholic point of view ; and Wittich, Magdehurq. Gustav Adolf und Tilly (Berlin, 1874). TIL'SIT. A town of Prussia, in the Prov- ince of East Prussia, on the left bank of the Memel or Miemen, sixty-one miles northeast of KiJnigsberg (ilap: Prvissia, J 1). It stands in a fruitful district. It has broad streets ami a cleanly appearance. It has paper, sugar, and oil mills, iron foundries, machine shops, distilleries, chemical establishments, breweries, and shoddy mills. Population, in 1900, 34..539. At Tilsit, on a raft in the middle of the Nie- men. occurred. June 25. 1807, the celebrated meet- ing between Xapoleon and Alexander I. of Russia, following the defeat of the Russian forces at Friedland (q.v.). On July 7th peace was con- cluded at Tilsit between France and Russia and on the 9th between France and Prussia. The lat- ter was stripped of her possessions west of the Elbe and of the Polish territories acquired in 1793-95. out of which Napoleon created the Duchy of Warsaw. Danzig was made a free city. Prus- sia joined the Continental System and closed its ports to English vessels. Its army was reduced to 42.000 men, and until the payment of a hea^' indemnity a number of the chief strongholds were to remain in the hands of the French. A secret agreement between France and Russia pro- vided for the imposition by force of the Conti- nental System on Portugal, Austria, and the Scandinavian countries. Practically at Tilsit the French and Russian monarchs divided between them the mastery in Europe. France remaining the arbiter in West and Central Europe, while Russia was given a free hand in Sweden and Turkey. TIL'TON, Theodore (18.35—). An Ameri- can journalist, poet, and novelist, born in New York. He graduated at the College of the Citv of New Y'ork in 1855. and was an editor of Tlw Independent from 1856 to 1871, and of The (loldrn Age (1871-74). In 1874 he brought criminal charges against the Rev. Henry Ward Beechcr (q.v.), whom he accused of improjier relations with his wife. Afterwards he attracted attention as a platform speaker, chiefly in belialf of woman's rights. After 1883 he lived in Paris. His books include : The Sexton's Tale and Other Poems (1867): Nimcta Sanctorum, or Proof Sheets from an Editor's Table (1870) ; Tempest- Tossed, a romance (1874); Thou and I, verses (1880); Swabian Stories, ballads (1882); The Chameleon's Dish (1883) and Heart's Ease ( 1894), volumes of verse. His Complete Poetical ^yorks appeared in 1897. TIffiLffi'US (Lat., from Gk. T(/ioios, Timaios) (c. 352-256 B.C.). A Greek liistorian ; son of Andromaehus, tyrant of Tauromeninm, in Sicily. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles, and passed most of his life in Athens. His chief work, a Hi&tory of Sicily in sixty-eight, or, according to others, thirty-eiglit books, em- braced the period from the earliest times to B.C. 264. Polybius and others, notably Diodorus Si- culus, pronounce him unfit for writing history on account of his "lack of critical acumen, ma- lignity, and tendenc}' to superstition." But. al- though most of these charges are founded on trutli. Tima?us's deficiencies have probably been exaggerated, since modern critics and most of the ancients, including Cicero {De (Jralore. ii. 14), praise his general knowledge and his accuracy in indicating the chronology of the events which he describes. He is said to have introduced the prac- tice of recording events by Olympiads. For the fragments, consult : Miiller, Fragmenta His- turicoriim Grwcorum (Paris, 1841). TIMARU,. te-mil'roo. A seaport of Geral- dine County, South Island. New Zealand, on the east coast, 100 miles southwest of Christchurch by rail, and the junction of a line to Fairlie (Map: New Zealand, C 6). Agricultural ma- chinerv and implements are manufactured : it has a' fine harbor. Population, in 1891, 3668; in 1901, 6424. TIMBER (AS. timber, OHG. zimbar, timber- work, rdoni, Ger. Zimmer, room: connected with Lat. domus, Gk. SA/nos, OChureh Slav, domii, Skt. dnmu, house). In law, such trees as are suitable for building purposes. Timber trees be- long to the owner of the land, both when stand- ing and fallen, unless converted into lumljer in a convenient form for transportation. There- fore, timber will pass with the land under a conveyance, and is included in a mortgage on the land, without being specifically mentioned. A ten- ant is not legally entitled to cut more timber than is necessary for the purposes for which he liired the land, unless under special agreenu-nt. The term 'timber' is also ajijdicd to large pieces of lumber, suitable for the framework of buildings, bridges, etc.. as distinguished from shingles, lath, etc. See Re.l Estate. TIMBER. See Lumber Ixdustby. TIMBER PRESERVATION. See Fore.=^trt. TIMBUKTU, tim-buk'too. or TIMBUCTOO. . towii of Africa, in the first of the three Mili- tary Territories of French Sudan (q.v,). situated 9 miles north of the Niger, in about latitude 16° north, and longtitude 5° west (Map: Africa, D 3 ). The climate is unhealthful. Tlie town, near