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* TILEFISH. 287 TILLEMONT. fathoms deep, wherever the water has a tempera- ture not colder than 50° F. Increasing catches were made in 1900, 1901, and 1002. cf^,^r' ^^^^® THE TILEFIBH. Consult Collins, "History of the Tile Fish," in Annual licport of the United States Conunis- sioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1882 (Wash- ington, 1SS4) ; Lucas, Annual Report of the United States Xational Museum for 1SS9 (Wash- ington, 1891); Bumpus, "The Reap])earance of the Tilefish," in Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission (Washington, 1899). TILGHMAN", til'nian, ^Matthew (1718-90). An American patriot, born in Queen Anne County, Md. He was early engaged in the In- dian wars, and was elected a delegate to tlie JIaryland Assembh', where he sat continuously until the formation of the State Government, February 5, 1777, and was Speaker of the House in 1773-75. From 1774 until the establishment of the State Government he was president of the conventicHi which exercised the chief authority. He was also head of the Committee of Corre- spondence of the Council of Safety, and of the delegation to the Continental Congress. He was a strong advocate of independence, but was pre- vented from signing the Declaration of Inde- pendence by being called home to preside over the convention to frame a State con- stitution. He was an earnest, enthusiastic pa- triot and did much for the American cause in Maryland. TILGHMAN, Tench (1744-86). An Ameri- can soldier, l>orn near Easton, Md. Prior to the Revolution he was engaged in mercantile pur- suits at Philadelphia, but early in 1775 entered the American army as lieutenant in an infantry company, and in July was sent as a special com- missioner to treat with the Iroquois. From August, 1776, until the close of the war. he was an aide and military secretary of General Wash- ington, participating in all the battles of the main army during this period: and in October, 1781. carried to Congress the news of Cornwallis's surrender, covering the distance from York- town to Philadelphia in four days. In ^lay, 1781, he was made a lieutenant-colonel, to take rank from April 1, 1777, and in October, 1781, Congress voted him "a horse properly capari- soned and an elegant sword, in testimony of their high opinion of his merit and ability." After the war he removed to Baltimore, where he died. Consult ilemoir of Tench Tilghman (Albany. 1876). TILGNER, tilK'ner, Viktok (1844-96). An Austrian sculptor, born in Pressburg. While still a pupil of Franz Bauer and -Toseph Gasser at the Vienna Academy, he was commissioned to execute the bust of Bellini for the oijera house and the statue of Duke Leopold VI. for the arsenal. In- fluenced by the French sculptor Deloye, who was engaged in "ieiina on work for the e.- position in 1873, Tilgner adopted an ex- ^i!^ ceedingly dashing and lifelike style and
 * attracted wider notice with his portrait
 * ., bust of Charlotte Wolter (1873). After

a visit to Italy in 1874 he produced the group of "Triton and Naiad" (Volksgar- ten, Vienna), and among many excellent portrait busts and statues those of Em- peror Francis Joseph, Crown Prince Ru- dolf, Heinrich Laube, Rubens (Kiinstler- haus, Vienna ). Other noteworthy works include fountain groups for the Imperial villas at Ischl and in the Tiergarten near Vienna, the heroic-sized figures of "Phaedra" and "Falstaff" (Burgtheater, Vienna), the bust of Liszt (1893, Oedenburg). the statues of Mozart (1896) and Makart (1S9S), both in Vienna, and a number of successful polychrome busts and genre statuettes. A selection of his works, in 60 heliotvpe plates, was published by Ilg (Vienna, 1896-97). TILIACE^ (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. tiliaceus, relating to the linden, from tilia, linden-tree, Gk. irrfAra, ptelca, Arm. fc'.i, elm). The Linuen Family. A natural order of di- cotyledonous trees and shrubs, and a few herbs, mostly natives of the tropics, chiefly in Asia and Brazil. A few are found in the temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. They have simple, alternate leaves with stipules, and axillary flowers. The calyx is usually of four or five sepals; the corolla, of four or five petals, or sometimes wanting. The stamens are generally numerous, the outer ones sometimes abortive and petal-like. The ovary is composed of 2 to 10 carpels; there is one style, and the stigmas are equal in number to the carpels. The properties of the order are generally mucilaginous and wholesome, the bark fibrous. The Tiliaceoe yield valuable light timber (see Gkewia). jute or eorchorus (q.v. ), and other fibres. The chief genera are Tilia, Grewia, Triumfetta, Corchorus, and Sparmannia. TILLAGE (from till, AS. tilia^i, teolian, Goth, tilon, OHG. zilon, zilen. Ger. zielen. to aim, strive for; connected with Goth. tils, good, AS. til, goodness, OHG. zil, Ger. Ziel, aim. goal ). The process of stirring and mixing the soil for the purpose of increasing its productiveness. The operations of plowing, harrowing, spading, hoeing, etc., constitute tillage. There are three distinct classes of tillage: (1) surface tillage brought about by such implements as harrows, cultivators, and weeders; (2) sub-tillage, such as is secured by sub-soiling: and (3) intertillage, such as is carried on while the soil is occupied by a crop. Pulverizing the soil by tillage not only favors the root growth of plants but im- proves the moisture and other physical condi- tions of the soil, promotes weathering and dis- integration, which set plant food free, supplies conditions favorable to the activity of beneficial organisms in the soil (nitrification, q.v.), and destroys weeds (and in many eases injurious in- sects ). TILLEMONT, tel'moN', SfiBA.STTEN le N.«n DE (1637-98). A French ecclesiastical historian.