Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/320

* TICK. 272 TICKET. has been found on human beings. Eight species of ticks in the United States have been found upon cattle, one associated with tlie Texas cattle fever {Boophihis aiimilatus) being the most noted and the most destructive. Other species of the same genus transmit the same or sinular dis- eases of cattle in other parts of the world. Bouphiliis austialis transmits what is probably the same disease in Australia, and Boophilus decoloratus (the so-called 'blue tick') acts the same way in South Africa, carrying the disease commonly knoflii as 'red water.' Texas cattle fever is particularly destructive to Northern cattle that have been shipped south or that have been brought into contact with Soutliern infested cattle which have been shipped north. The dipping of cattle in vats containing cottonseed oil or anv one of several mixtures, kno%'ra as 'cattle dips." destroys the ticks. Certain mites of the family Gamasidse are sometimes known as ticks, although the name in this application is erroneous. The bird tick (Dermunijssiis avium) is a familiar parasite of caged birds. The poultry tick (Dermanyssus f/aUhuE), which is also known as the 'little chicken mite,' gathers on fowls in the hennery, especially at night, and sucks their blood. Cer- tain of tbe true insects are also erroneously called ticks. For example, the flies of the family Hip- poboseidse are quite generally known as bird ticks. (See Forest Fly and Prpip.4R..) The degraded wingless flies of the family Nycteri- biidoe are called bat ticks. Consult: Osliorn. Insects Affecting Domestic Animals (United States Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, 1896) ; Salmon and Stiles, Cattle Ticks of the United States (ib., 1902); Marx, "Classification of the Ixodidse," in Pro- ceedings Entomological Society of Washington, vol. ii.. No. '2 (1892) ; Marx. "The Morphology Of the Ticks." id., vol. ii.. No. 3 (1892). TICK'ELL, Thomas (1686-1740). An Eng- lish poet, born at Bridekirk, in Cumberland. He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, of •which he became fellow (1710-26). He attracted the attention of Addison by some lines praising the latter's Rosamond: and Addison, on becom- ing Secretary of State in 1717, made him Under- Secretary. He was secretary to the Lords .Justices of Ireland from 1725 till his death. He published Prospect of Peace (1712) ; The Royal Progress (1714) ; and a poetical version of the first book of the Iliad (1715), out of which grew the fa- mous quarrel between Pope (q.v.) and Addison (q.v.). His best known poem is Colin and Lucy; the longest is Kensington Gardens. Goldsmith calls his Elegy on Addison (prefixed to Addi- son's ^york■s, 1721), "one of the finest odes in our language." Consult Dr. .Johnson's Lives of the Poets (London. 1854, 1890, etc.). TICKET (OF. estiquctte, etiquette, Fr. ^(i- gtielte. ticket, label, etiquette, from OHG. steh- han. Ger. stechen. to stick; connected with Lat. in-stigare, to prick, incite, Gk. ariytia, stigma, mark, brand, puncture. Skt. tij, to be sharp). A slip of paper containing a statement or certifi- cate that the person to whom it is issued, or the holder, is entitled to some right or privilege therein referred to or described, as railroad tickets, theatre tickets, pawn tickets, and lot- tery tickets. A ticket is evidence of a contract between the holder of the ticket and the person or cor]ioration issuing it. LTsually tickets do not purport to express the entire contract between the parties, and the terms or conditions which are not expressed may be supplied by parol evi- dence ( q.v. ) . Where the ticket grants the right or privilege of using the grantor's real es- tate, as in ease of theatre tickets, the holder of the ticket acquires no title or interest in the real estate, but becomes a mere licensee (see License) entitled to use the real estate in the manner and for the purposes specified. The licensor or grantor of the ticket, however, niaj- at will revoke the license, even though such a revocation is a breach of the contract; and upon such revocation the holder of the ticket becomes a mere trespasser and may be summarily ejected, but only necessary force can lawfully be used for that purpose. He may, however, be entitled to recover damages for breach of the contract in ejecting him. See Theatre. This rule does not apply in the case of tickets issued by common carriers, who, by virtue of their public calling, are compelled to accept for carriage all who pay a reasonable tare and com- ply with their reasonable rules and regulations. Passenger tickets under ordinary circumstances are generally now held to be contracts, and not mere symbols or mesins of identification of the passenger, so that the holder of a ticket is deemed to assent to its terms. Such stipulations, which usually restrict the liability of the carrier, have been held to be valid and binding if reasonable and not against public policy. Common carriers may require passengers to buy tickets as a con- dition of their being carried; and, when reason- able opportimity to do so is given, the carrier may charge an additional rate when the passenger has failed to buy a ticket. Common carriers may make any condition as to the time and use of tickets whieli is reasonable. Thus provisions contained in the ticket that it shall be used be- fore a date named, or that it shall be stamped by the carrier before it is presented for a return trip, or that it shall not be transferable, have been held to be valid. The carrier maj' require the passenger to pro- duce the ticket or an identification check for in- spection whenever required to do so, and upon the passenger's failure to comply with the regu- lation may eject him. This appears to be the general rule even when the passenger's inability to comply with the regulation is due to the neglect of the carrier's agents, as when the wrong ticket is given out by the carrier's ticket agent or the wrong coupon is taken up by one conduc- tor, so that the passenger is left without the proper coupon at a subsequent stage of his jour- ney. The passenger's right in such a case is not to insist upon being carried without payment of the fare demanded by the conductor or other agent of the carrier, but to pay the fare de- manded and to bring an action against the car- rier for breach of the contract evidenced by the ticket. Purchase of a ticket entitles the holder to all the accommodations usually given by the carrier to holders of that class of tickets. If, however, they are not provided, as in case the carrier fails without excuse to provide the pas- senger with a seat, his right is not to refuse to pay fare or surrender his ticket, but to recover damages for the carrier's breach of contract or undertaking to carry. See Carrier, Common; Transportation; etc.