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* TIBET. 270 TICHBOBmE TRIAX. 1811; Hue and Gabet in 1846; Przhevalski in 1870-71, 1879, and 1887; Rockhill in 1880 and 1891-92: Bonvolot in 1889; Bower in 1890-91; Littledale, 1894; Sven Hedin during his journeys of 1894-97 and 1899-1902; Miss Taylor, and a few others. Jlan.y "pundits,' trained by the great Trigonometrical Survey of India, have fre- quently traversed it and have procured much valuable information regarding the country. Much of it, however, is 'confidential,' and is still unpublished. BiBLiOGR.^piiY. Desgodins, Le Tibet (2d ed., Paris, 1885) ; Rockhill, The Land of the Latnas (New York, 1891); id.. Diary of a Journiy Through Mongolia and Tibet (Washington, 1894) ■ id., Notes on the Ethnology of Tibet (ib., 1895) ; id., A Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet (New York, 1902) ; Bower, Diary of a Journey Across Tibet (London, 1894) ; Carey, Adventures in Tibet, with Miss Tavlor's Diary (Boston, 1901); Vaddell, The Buddhism of Tibet (Lon- don, 1895) : id.. Among the Himalat/as (ib., 1899; Eeijnhart, With the Tibetans (ib., 'l901) ; Hedin, Central Asia and Tibet (New York, 1903) ; Jasch- ke, Tibetan Grammar (2d ed., London, 18811; Sandberg, Handbook of Colloquial Tibetan (Cal- cutta, 1894) ; Jiischke, Tibetan-English Diction- ary (London, 1881) ; DictionnAiire Thib(tain-latin- fransais (Hong Kong, 1899). TIB'IA (Lat. shin-bone). In anatomy, the larger of the two bones' forming the leg, and the one to which the fibula is attached. It articulates with the femur above and with the astragalus below. The tibia was the name of the commonest musical instrument of the Greeks and Romans. It was a pipe or flute, originally made of bone, but later of a reed, with the opening at the top, protected by a natural knot, with a tongue beneath, partially detached by a longitudi- nal slit. It was used at festivals, sacrifices, and dances, as an accompaniment to the rowing of the trireme, sometimes also to the march of troops to battle. The tibia dextra was the bass instru- ment and was held in the right hand, the tibia sinistra, or treble instrument, in the left. The tibiw pares were both treble or both bass, and the tibice impares were one bass and one treble. TIBtTL'LTTS, Albius (c.54-c.l9 B.C.). A Roman elcuiae poet, born of an equestrian family. He inherited an estate at Pedum, between Tibur and Pr.'eneste, which had been either wholly or partially confiscated in the civil wars. Tibullus, however, recovered part of his property, and spent there the best part of his short life. He ■was patronized by Jlessala, whom in 31 he ac- companied into Aquitania, to suppress a serious revolt. He was present at the battle of Atax, which gave the final blow to the insurgents; and he celebrates in a fine strain of poetry the honor- able part he bore in the campaign. Next year Messala was sent to the East and again Tibullus accompanied him ; but having been obliged from illness to stop at Corcyra, he returned to Rome. Henceforth he devoted himself to the study and composition of poetry. His Elegies, divided into four books, are mainly addressed to his mis- tresses, Delia, Nemesis, and Glycera, whose in- constancy or coldness he bewails in tender and exquisitely finished verses. The third book, however, is now believed to be the work, not of Tibullus. but of another and inferior poet : while the hexameter poem on Messala, with which the fourth book opens, is supposed to be also by an- other. The character of Tibullus was singularly pure, amiable, and winning. During life he had the honor of being addressed in an ode and epistle by Horace ; after death, of being bewailed in an eleg}' of matchless beauty by Ovid. The best editions are those of Baehrens (Leipzig, 1878), Hiller ( ib., 1885)), and Muller (ib., 1885). The poems were translated into Eng- lish by Grainger (1752) and Cranstoun (1872),^ and into English prose by Kelly (1854). Con- sult Sellar, Roman Poets of the Republic (Lon- don, 18153). TICAO, te-ka'6. An island belonging to the Philippine Province of Masbate (q.v. ). TIC-DOULOUREUX, tik doo'loo'roo', Fr. pron. -re. See F.ci.L Neuralgia. TICH'BORNE TRIAL. A celebrated trial in which an impostor attempted to obtain posses- sion of the Tichborne estates in Hampshire and Dorsetshire, England, by assuming to be the heir, Roger Charles Tichborne. The case was remarkable for the great public interest it aroused, for the length and thoroughness of the trial, and for the success of the impostor in de- ceiving a great number of intelligent persons. Roger Charles Tichborne was born in 1829, and after some education in France, and at the Roman Catholic College at Stonyhurst, England, entered the British Army. His French accent and his eccentricities made him unpopular and he re- signed and went to Brazil. He sailed from Rio de Janeiro in 1854 in the ship Bella, which was lost at sea with all on board. His father. Sir James Tichborne, died in 1862, and as Roger was supposed to be dead, a younger son, Alfred, suc- ceeded to the estates. Lady Tichborne refused to believe that her son, Roger Charles, was dead, and advertised extensivel.y for information regarding his whereabouts. In 1865 a coarse, ignorant butcher named Arthur Orton, who resided at Wagga Wagga, Queensland, Australia, under the name of Thomas Castro, conceived the idea of representing himself to be Roger Charles Tich- borne and claiming the estates. His first step was to write a letter to Lady Tichborne claiming to be her son. The letter was illiterate and con- tained statements as to his identification which were wholly false and inapplicable .to the true heir. He subsequently came to England, went over the Tichborne estates, gained all the infor- mation he could as to the former life and habits of Roger Charles, and succeeded in convincing the family solicitor and several others of his identity. In .January. 1866, he called on Lady Tichborne in Paris and was received as her son. This was most remarkable, as there was no simi- larity in the appearance of Orton and Roger Charles, and Orton had no knowledge of the French language, in which the true heir was proficient. After this recognition he had great success in gaining adherents to his cause. The Tichborne family, however, repudiated him, and at a large expense investigated his life, discover- ing his true name and past life. He succeeded in raising large sums of money by issuing bonds, payable upon his obtaining possession of the property. These were known as the 'Tichborne bonds' and were widely distributed. He brought ejectment suits to recover the estates in 1871. and succeeded in inducing over 100 witnesses to swear that they recognized him or believed him to be