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* TIBALDI. 266 TIBERIUS. TIBALDI, te-biil'de, Pellegeino (1527-98). An Italian architect and painter, born at Bo- logna. A pupil of Daniele da Volterra in paint- ing, he subsequently worked both as an architect and painter under the influence of Michelangelo in Rome, whither he had gone in 1547. His graceful altar-pieces, especially attractive through the loveliness of the female heads, are very rare. Of his frescoes "Hercules Taming the Animals" may still be seen in the Loggia dei Mercanti (Exchange) at Ancona. In architecture he is prominent as one of the chief representatives of the late Renaissance. In 1500-60 he built in Jlilan the Jesuit Church of San Fedele, in 1565 reconstructed the Archiepiscopal Palace, and in 1570 became first architect of the Cathedral, for which he designed the baroque fagade. Called to Madrid by Philip II. in 1586 to take part in the erection of the Escorial, Tilialdi also decorated its library with warmly colored frescoes, was created Marchess di Valsolda, and after nine years returned to Milan, where he died. Con- sult: Zanottij Le pitture di PeUegrino Tibaldi (Venice, 1750) ; and Gurlitt, Der Barocksiil in Italien (Stuttgart, 1887). TIB'BTJS, TIBXrS, or TUBUS ( rock people ). A Nigritian people inhabiting Tibesti, in the Eastern Sahara, and extending southward into the Sudan. In these different areas they vary greatly in hair and features. There are only 70,000" of them spread over an area of 300,000 square miles, under the following names: Tedas, Dasas, Bedeyat, Zoghawa, and Bulzeda. For generations they have been most active in the traffic by caravan across the Sahara. In religion they are Jlohammedan. Consult: Naehtigal, Saiiarn und Sudan (Berlin and Leipzig, 18J9- 89) ; Rohlfs, Quer durch Afrika, vol. i. (Leip- zig, 1874). TI'BER (Lat. Ttheris, poetical Thyhris ; Ital. Tcvcri:). The principal river of Central Italy. It rises in Tuscany, at the south of the Monte Fuma- jolo, in the Province of Arezzo, about thirty miles east of the source of the Arno, at an altitude of more than 3600 feet above 'the level of the sea, and flows toward the south in a winding course, entering the Province of Perugia (Umbria ) .where it passes through the valley between Perugia and Assisi. It receives the waters of many smaller streams, and at Orte, where it is joined by the Nera (the ancient A'flr), it begins to form the boundary between the provinces of Umbria and Rome, encircling Mount Soracte and entering the Campagna Romana. About three miles above Rome it is swelled by the Anio (now Aniene or Teverone). then passes through the city of Rome, where it forms an island, ithe Insula Tiberina (now Isola di San Bartolommeo), and enters the Tyrrhenian Sea about twenty-six miles below. "The total length of the Tiber is 245 miles; its breadtli at Rome is about 250 feet. It is a swift- running stream, carrying down an enormous amount of alluvial matter, which, in solution, gives the water that yellowish color for which the llavus Tiberis was renowned. The sediment de- posited at the mouth of the Tiber is pushing out the land at the rate of about ten feet a year, so that the ruins of Ostia, the ancient harbor of Rome, are now more than four miles inland. The delta is formed of two mouths : the fiuiniciiio, orig- inally a channel dug by Trajan for his harbor (Tortus Traiani), now the larger and navigable branch, and the fiumara, now almost choked by sand hanks ; and these inclose the Isola Sacra, a desolate and unhealthy island once sacred to Venus. The Tiber is navigable by small steamers as far as Rome, and by smaller craft as far as Orte, about sixty miles from its mouth. It is subject to frequent and often disastrous inini- dations, of which the ancient writers have re- corded no less than twenty-three. Among the more famous floods are that mentioned by Horace (Odes, I. 2), that of 1598. when the water at Rome rose SU-o feet, and that of 1900, when it reached a flocxl-height of almost 54 feet. To remedy this evil, the Government, beginning in 1876, has constructed massive embankments at Rome, at the expense of more than $25,000,000; but already the carefull.y planned work has proved defective. Tlie stream on the north of the Tiber island has become clogged with sand, and in the flood of 1900 fully a quarter of a mile of the south embankment was carried away by the water. Consult: S. M. Smith. The Tiber and Its Tribu- taries (London, 1877) ; Narducci, tiaggio di Bib- liografifi del Terere (Rome, 1876). TIBE'RIAS, Lake or Sea of. A lake in Palestine. See Ge>'?jesaret, Lake of. TIBE'RIUS (Tiberius Claudius Nero Ce- sar) (B.C. 42-A.D. 37). The second Emperor of Rome (A.D. 14-37). He was the son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla (q.v. ), and was adopted by Augustus (q.v.) when he married Livia in B.C. 38. after her compulsory divorce. He was carefully educated, and early manifested intellectual power and military skill. His first important command was the expedition sent in B.C. 20 to restore Tigranes to the throne of Ar- menia. A more noteworthy commission was given him in B.C. 15, when, in company with his younger brother Drusus (q.v.), he defeated the Rha;tians. Two years later he was consul with P. Quin- tilius' Varus, and in B.C. 11 he fought success- fully against the Dalmatians and Pannonians. The" death of Drusus in B.C. 9 recalled Tiberius to Germany, but in B.C. 7 he held the consul- ship for the second time. The troubles which weie to overshadow his life had, however, al- ready begun. In B.C. 11 he had been forced by Augustus to divorce his wife, Vipsania Agrippina, whom he loved deeply, and to marry the Em- peror's daughter Julia, the widow of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (q.v.). Her conduct, and perhaps his own jealousy of the growing favor of Gaius and Lucius Ca?sar, the two grandsons of Augustus, children of Julia and Agrippa, led him to retire, against the Emperor's will, to Rhodes in B.C. 0, the very year in which the tri- bunieian power was conferred upon him for five years. He remained in Rhodes seven years, and "before his return Julia had been banished for life to the island of Pandataria. The death of Lucius Caesar in a.d. 2 and of Gaius in 4 led Augustus to adopt Tiberius as his heir. From this time until the Emperor's death Tiberius was in command of the Roman armies, and cam- paign followed campaign. In 4 he reduced Ger- many from the Rhine to the Elbe, from 6 to 9 he waged war again in Dalniatia and Pannonia, and fro^n 10 to 11 he held the Rhine against the Germans who had defeated Varus (q.v.). In 12 he was honored with a w'ell-earned triumph.