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* THUNEN. 261 THURINGIA. highly abstract, and with the aid of the differen- tial calculus he arrived at the conclusion that natural wages = ■/ai), where a is the amount required to support the laborer and his family and p is the product of the labor of one man, this product being defined as that part of the gross product remaining after deduction of profits, insurance, and cost of management. This law of wages expresses in a highly interesting way the modern theory that wages vary as the productivity of the laborer. At Thilnen's request it was engraved on his tombstone. Consult: Schumacher, J. H. von Thiiiicn, eiii Forscherleben (Rostock, 1883) ; Jloore in the Quurterhi Journal of Economics, vol. xiv., pp. 201, 388. See Politi- cal EcoNoiiy. THUN TJND HOHENSTEIN, tUTin unt hr,'- en-stln, Leo, Count (1811-88). An Austrian •statesman, born at Tetschcn, in Bohemia. Be- fore the Revolution of 1848 he ^"as secretarj- in the Imperial Chancery, and in that year became Governor of Bohemia. From 1840 to 1800 he was Minister of Public Worship and Instruction. In spite of his reactionary tendencies, he intro- duced many reforms in the system of secondary and higher education, which he reorganized on the German model. He concluded the Concordat of 1855, which gave the Church great power in edu- cational affairs. In 1801 he was elected to the Bohemian Diet, where he became the leader of the Feudalists, and he continued this attitude in the Austrian House of Peers, which he entered in the same year. In 1807 he strenuously opposed the Ausgleich with Hungary. He retired from the Bohemian Diet in 1871, and reentei'ed it in 1883. THUR'BEB, George (1821-90). An Ameri- can botanist, naturalist, and editor. He was born at Providence, R. I., where he obtained his early education. From 1850 to 1853 he was botanist, commissary, and quartermaster of the United States Boundary Commission upon the Mexican and United States borders, where he collected a large number of new species of plants. In 1850 he became lecturer upon botany and materia medica in the Cooper Union and College of Pharmacy of New York, and in 1859 professor of botany arid horticulture in the Michigan Agricul- tural College, which institution he left in 1803 to become editor of the American Agriculturist, a post which he held until shortly before his death. In addition to his editorial writings he also edited all the horticultural and agricultural books published by the Orange Judd Company, and revised and in part rewrote Darlington's A'irirulitiral Botany. THURET, tu'ra', Gustave (1817-75). A French botanist, born in Paris. While attached to the French embassy at Constantinople he col- lected plants in the Balkan Peninsula, and re- turned to France in 1844. His specialty was algip and his Recherches sur les ::oospores des algucs et les antMridees des cryptoijamis (1851) were crowned by the Academy. Other publications in- clvide: Recherches sur hi' fccondation des fucacecs (1855-57), and numerous monographs, such as Essni de classification des nostocJiinces (1875). He established a splendid botanical garden at Antibes, where he planted the first eucalyptus trees in Europe, and which he bequeathed to the State. He died at Nice. THXJRGATJ, toUr'gou. A canton in the north- east of Switzerland, separated from (jerniany by Lake Constance (Map: Switzerland, D 1). Area, 388 s(iiare miles. The surface is elevated but not mountainous, and is cut by the valley of the Thur, the chief river of the canton. Almost the entire area of the canton is productive, and the chief occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and viticulture. Stock-raising and cheese-making are also important industries. The principal manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, knit goods, machinery, leather, etc. The constitution of the canton is i)urely democratic, the members of the legislative assembly as well as of the executive council being elected directly by the people. The obligatory referendum and the initiative are in force. Population, in 1888, 104,678; in 1900, 113,221, largely German-speak- ing Protestants. Capital, Frauenfeld ( q.v. ) . Prior to the ninth century the country known as Thurgau comprised almost the entire region bounded by Lake Lucerne, the Rhine, the Reuss, and Lake Constance. With the extinction of the house of Kyburg, Tlmrgau, reduced almost to its present size, passed in 1204 to the House of Hapsburg. In 1460 the country was seized by the Confederates and occupied the position of a 'subject district' until 1798, when it was made a canton of the Helvetic Republic. In 1803 it was constituted a canton of the reorganized Swiss Confederation. Consult: Pupikofer. Geschichte des Thurgaus (Frauenfeld, 1884-89) ; Meyer, Thuryiiuisches Urkundenbuch (ib., 1881 et seq.). THURIFER (Lat., incense-bearer). The at- tendant in the Roman Catholic Church, at solemn mass, vespers, and other ceremonies, whose duty it is to carry the thurible, or incense vessel, and either to minister incense himself, or to present the thurible for tluit purpose to the officiating priest. The olfice of thurifer original- ly belonged to the so-called 'minor order' of acolyte, but is now conmionly exercised by lay- men. See Incense ; Censer." THtJRINGER WALD, tu'ring-er viilt (Ger., Thuringiau Forest). A mountain range of Cen- tral Germany, extending from the banks of the yerra near Eisenach in a southeasterly direc- tion to the northern boundary of Bavaria, where it joins the Frankenwald, a" ramification of the Fiehtelgebirge (Map: Germany, D 3). It forms the southwestern boundary of the highland of Thuringia, and passes through Saxe-Weimar, Co- burg-Gotha, Prussia, Saxe-Meiningen, and the neighboring small States. Length, about 70 miles; highest summit, Gross-Beerberg, 3238 feet. The range falls steeply toward the nortlieast and is covered to the summits with magnificent pine forests. It is composed mostly of granite, por- l)hyry. and schists protruding" through the sur- rounding Permian strata, and is rich in minerals, among which iron ore, copper, manganese, and g^-psinn are the most important. The range passes through a well-populated industrial re- gion. THURIN'GIA (Ger. Thiiringen) . A pic- turesque region of Germany, traversed by the Thiiringer Wald (q.v.), lying between the Prus- sian Province of Saxony on the north and Bavaria on the south, and between the Kingdom of Saxony on the east and the Prussian Province of Hesse- Nassau on the w'est. It embraces a number of