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* THUG. 260 THUNEN. and Practices of the Thugs (London, 1837); Meadows-Taylor, Confessions of a Thug (ib., 1839; new ed. ib., 187!)) ; Wright, India and Its Inhabitants (Cincinnati, 1855) ; Button, Popu- lar Account of the Thugs and Dacoits (London, 1857). THXJGTJT, too'goot, Fran-z Maria, Baron (1736-1818). An Austrian statesman, born at Linz. He was admitted to the Oriental Academy in Vienna in 1752, went to Constantinople iij 1754, and became Coirt interpreter at Vienna in 1766. He was appointed diplomatic representative at Constantinople in 1709 and obtained the cession of Bukowina to Austria in 1771. In 1780 he was made Austrian Ambassador at Warsaw and in 1787 at Naples. He negotiated the Peace of Sis- tova with Turkey in 1700; was made Director- General of Foreign Aft'airs in 1793, in which capacity he continued the anti-Prussian policy of Kaunitz, but sought also to advance Austrian interests at the expense of France. This plunged the country into the disastrous war with Revolu- tionary France, which ended with the Peace of Campo-Formio (q.v.) in 1797. After acting for some time as administrator in the newly acquired Italian provinces, he took up his old post in the ISIinistry. He retired in 1800 and devoted the rest of his life, at Pressburg and Vienna, to the study of Oriental literature. THULE, thu'le (Lat., from Gk. BovXri. ThouU.). The name generally given by the ancients to the most northerly part of Europe knowii to them, and in the df;scription of which fancj' played a conspicuous part. According to Pliny it was an island in the northern ocean, discovered by the navigator Pytheas (q.v.), who reached it after six days' sail from the Orcades. Many modern geog- raphers identify Thule with Iceland. Some, how- ever, prefer to seek for it in that part of Norway called Thile or Thilemark, or in Jutland, the extremity of which is kno«Ti as Thy or Thi/land. But it seems that Mainland, the principal mem- ber of the Shetland group, has the best claim to being regarded as the Thule of Pytheas. The Komans used the phrase l^ltima Thule to denote the most distant unknown land. THUMANN, too'man, Paul (1834—). A German illustrator and painter, born in Tsehacks- dorf, Brandenburg. He studied in Berlin, Dres- den, and Weimar, and taught successively in the academies of Weimar, Dresden, and Berlin. He illustrated Chamisso's FrauenUehe und -Lehen and Lehcnslieder und -Bilder, Goethe's Dichtung ■und Wahrlieit, Hammerling's Amor und Psyche, Heine's Bueh der Liedcr, Tennyson's Enoch Arden. etc. His paintings include five scenes from the life of Luther (1872-73), in the Wart- burg, near Eisenach, and two large mural paint- ings, "Return of Arminius from the Teutoburg Forest" and "Baptism of Wittekind," in the Aula of the Gymnasium at Minden. THUMB, Tom. See Stratton, Charles Sherwood. THUMMEL, tu'mel, Moritz August von (1738-1817). A German statesman and humor- ous writer, born at Schiinefeld. In 1768 he be- came minister to Duke Ernest Frederick of Saxe- Coburg, from whose service he retired in 1783. He wrote a humorous prose epic Wilhelmine (1764) ; a story in verse. Inohulation der Licbe (1771) ; and a partly autobiographical and once very popular novel, Reise in die mittHglichen Prorinzen i-on Frankreieh (1791-1805). Der heilige Kilian was posthumously published in 1818. His works (in 6 vols., 1812) were edited by himself with a biography (1820) by Gruner, and reedited (8 vols., 1854-55). THUN, toon. A town of Switzerland, situ- ated on the Aar, near where it issues from the Lake of Thun, 19 miles southeast of Bern, 1845 feet above sea level, and one mile from the Lake of Thun (Map: Switzerland, B 2 ). The old castle of the twelfth century with its corner towers and the Gothic church are the chief buildings. There is a military institution for arm}' of- ficers, as the town is the chief artillery arsenal of Switzerland. The chief manufactures are pot- tery and bricks. Many tourists visit the town on their wav to the Bernese Oberland. Popula- tion, in 1900, 6100. THUN, Lake of. A lake in the Canton of Bern, Switzerland, between the town of Inter- la ken on the east and that of Thun on the north- west (Map: Switzerland, B 2). It is lOMs miles long and 2% miles wide. The scenery, though scarcely grand, is very attractive. The railway from Thun to Interlaken skirts the southern shore. THUNBERG, tiwn'berK, ICarl Peter (1743- 1828). A Swedish botanist. He studied with Linnasus at L'psala; sailed with a Dutch ship as surgeon (1771-73), cruising at the Cape of Good Hope; lived six years in Java and .Japan, return- ing in 1779 to Sweden, where he was appointed successor to Linnspus in 1781 as professor of botany at the University of Upsala. A genus of about fifty species of the natural order Acan- thacefE and numerous Oriental species of other genera are named in his honor. THUNDER. See Liohtning. THUNDERING LEGION. The name given to a body of Christian troops under Marcus Aurelius, from the tradition that a thunderstorm, sent in response to their prayers, caused great destruction in the opposing army. THUNEN, tu'nen, Johann Heinrich von (1783-18.50). A celebrated German economist, born in Oldenburg. After receiving a thorough education in the theory and practice of agricul- ture and passing two semesters at Gottingen, he bought in 1810 an estate called Tellow. in Mecklenburg-Schwerin, which under his skillful management became famous as a model farm. His fame rests on his work Der isoUrte Staat in Peziehung auf Landwirtschaft nnd National- olonomie. the first volinue of which appeared in 1826. the second in 1850 and 1863. and the third in 1863. In this work Thiinen simplified the com- plex conditions of economic life by imagining an isolated State, circular in form, with land of equal fertility. la1)orers of equal productivity, and with the sole city and market at the centre. Hav- ing so simplified his premises, he proceeded to in- vestigate, principally, the effect of distance from the market upon the agricultural economy of the several zones of the territory surrounding the market. In the second volume Thiinen struck a new note in the political economy of his time by protesting against the common treatment of wages as the price of an inanimate commodity, and insisting upon the introduction of ethical factors. His treatment here, as generally, was