Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 19.djvu/25

* TALLOW. 11 TALMAGE. TALLOW (JIDutch ialgh, ialch, Dutch talk, LG. talij, Uer. TuUj, tallow; possibly connected with AS. tmlg, color, Goth, iulgus, fast, firm, and ultimately with Eng. long). A mi.xture of stearin, palmitin, and olein (qq.v. ) derived from animal fat in the process of rendering. This fat is generally obtained from beef or mutton by melting and separation by heat, usually under pressure. Tallow is a white and almost tasteless substance in its pure condition, but the commer- cial article is usually of a yellowish color. It is soluble in boiling alcohol and has a specific gravity which varies from .925 in the case of beef tallow to .937 in the case of mutton tallow. It melts between 100° and 120° F. Tallow is employed in making candles (q.v.) and soap. It may also be used as a lubricant. See Fats. TALLOW, Mineral. See Mineral Tallow. TALLOW TREE. Various trees which pro- duce a thick oil or a somewhat resinous sub- stance, which, like tallow, may be used for mak- ing candles. The tallow tree of Malabar (Tateria indica), a tree of the natural order Dipterocar- paceae, has leathery leaves 4 to 10 feet long, and panicles of white, fragrant flowers. From in- cisions in the stem, w^hich is often 16 feet in circumference, east Indian copal is obtained. Its seeds yield a firm, white, odorless vegetable tal- low valued for soap and candle making. The tallow tree of China (Sapitiin sehiferum) belongs to the natural order Euphorl)iaceoe. The nearly hemispherical seed and the capsules yield a white vegetable tallow, which the Chinese obtain by crushing and boiling both capsules and seed and skimming off the fluid fat. Three parts wax is added to ten of tallow to give a firmer con- sistency. This tree has been introduced into North America, is cultivated about Charleston and Savannah, and is almost naturalized in the maritime parts of the Carolinas. It is very beautiful at the approach of winter, when the leaves become bright red, among which hang the white seeds suspended by threads. The name tal- low tree is sometimes given to Aleurites triloba, a species of candlenut (q.v.). The tallow tree, or butter-and-tallow tree, of Sierra Leone is I'eii- tadesma butyracca, of the natural order Gutti- ferse, the fruit of whi-ch furnishes an oil used as butter. TALLY (OF., Fr. iaille. cut, size, figure, tax, from Lat. talea. rod, cutting twig). The name given to the notched sticks once used in England for keeping accounts in Exchequer. They were well seasoned rods of hazel or willow, inscribed on one side with notches indicating the sum for which the tally was an acknowledgment, and on two opposite sides with the same sum in Roman char- acters, along with the name of the payer and the date of the transaction. The tally was cleft through the middle by the deputy chamberlain with knife and mallet, and one half was retained ty the payer as his receipt, while the other was preserved in exchequer. They accumulated there until 1S34, when an act of Parliament ordered them to be burned. The destruction of the houses of Parliament by fire at the time is supposed to have arisen from the overheating of the flues in which the discarded tallies were being burned. TALMA, tal'mii', Francois Jo.seph (1763- 1826). A distinguished French tragedian, born in Paris. In 1787 he made his debut on the stage Vol. XIX.— 2. of the Comfdie Frangaise. Some time afterwards in a minor part in the tragedy of liruliis he at- tracted attention by a novelty of costume. It was the fashion for actors to appear in the garb of their owii country and even their own time, and Roman senators stalked about the stage at- tired as Parisian dandies of the eighteenth cen- tury. Talma saw the absurdity of the custom and, setting out to reform it, appeared clothed in a Roman toga and with arms liare. His first great triumph was in Chenier's Charles IX., produced in 1789. In the division of the Comedie Francaise (q.v.) which soon followed in the months of Revolutionary confusion. Talma and those who adhered to him went over to the new theatre in the Rue Richelieu, which was for a time known as the Thftltre de la R^publique. There many of his greatest successes were won. Though ir- ritable and often at strife with his fellow ac- tors, he was a great favorite with Napoleon, of whom it was jestingly said that he took lessons of his friend Talma in the art of beliaving like an Emperor. Talma was, however, equally well received later by Louis XVIII. Consult his "Quelques reflexions sur Lekain et sur I'art theatral," prefixed to the Mcmoires de Lekain (Paris, 1825) ; Mcmoires de Talma, ed. by Alex- ander Dumas (1849-50); Lumifere, Le Theatre Fransais pendatit la Revolution, avec plusieurs lettres inMites de Talma (Paris, 1894). TAL'MAGE, Thomas De Witt (1832-1902). An American clergyman and pulpit orator, born at Bound Brook, N. J. After taking a partial course at the University of the City of New York (now New York University) he entered the theological seminary of the Dutch Reformed Church at New Brunswick, N. J., where he gradu- ated in 1856. In the same year he was ordained and became pastor of the Reformed Church at Belleville, N. J. He filled pastorates in churches of the same denomination at Syracuse, N. Y. (1859-62), and at Philadelphia (1862-69). In 1869 he was called to the pulpit of the Central Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, N. Y., which, from the new edifice erected in 1870, came to be known as 'The Tabernacl.e.' During his occu- pancy of this pastorate, where he remained until 1894, he became widely known as a sensational preacher. The Tabernacle Church, after being twice burned and rebuilt (in 1872 and 1889), was again burned in 1894, after which the church or- ganization ceased to exist. Dr. Talmage preached for a time in the New York Academy of Music, and from 1895 to 1899 was associate pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Washington, D. C. His wide influence was largely increased by frequent lecturing tours, both in America and England, and by the publication of his sermons in book form, and through syndicates in more than 3600 weekly newspapers, in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. They were also regularly translated, and published in a number of foreign languasjes. He was editor of The Christian at Work (1873-76) ; The .dvance (1877-78); Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine (1879-89); and The Christian Herald (1890- 1902). Of the more than fifty volumes pub- lished under his name, a majority were pirated or unauthorized. Among his more important works were: The Almond Tree in Blossom (1870) ; Old Wells Dug Out (1874) ; Every Day Religion ( 1875) ; Woman: Ber Powers and Privi-